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Movements to revitalize Islam took place on the peripheries—in areas that seemed more distant and thus immune from the intense and potentially threatening repercussions of the world economy. In the peripheral zones, religious leaders rejected westernizing influences. Instead, the leaders of Islamic revitalization movements looked back to Islamic traditions and modeled their revolts on the life of Muhammad. But even as they looked to the past, they also strove to establish something new: fullscale theocratic polities. The new generation of Islamic reformers conceived of the state as the primary instrument of God’s will and as the vehicle for purifying Islamic culture.
Chapter Objectives
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