| * Boldface
titles indicate works in the anthology. |
TEXTS
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CONTEXTS
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1856 Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary
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1857 Charles Baudelaire, The Flowers of Evil
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1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species
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1861 Serfs emancipated in Russia
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1861–1865 Civil War in the United States
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1864 Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground
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1866 Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment
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| 1866
Émile Zola's preface to his novel Thérèse
Raquin argues for a "naturalist" style
analogous to methods in experimental science |
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1869 Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace
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1869 Suez Canal completed
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1870 Ernest Renan's Life of Jesus offers a historical
approach to the New Testament
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1871 George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Middlemarch
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1874
Claude Monet's painting Impression Rising Sun
launches Impressionism as a style |
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1876 Invention of the telephone
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1884–1885 Berlin Conference agrees on procedures for European
acquisition of African territory; by 1914, all Africa except Ethiopia
and Liberia succumbs to European rule
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1886 Arthur Rimbaud's Illuminations • Tolstoy, The
Death of Ivan Ilyich
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1886 Friedrich Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil proclaims
a "life force," a "will to power," and a "superman" who embodies these
qualities
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1887
Eiffel Tower built for the 1889 Paris World's Fair
• Gottlieb Daimler's internal combustion engine
for the automobile |
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1890 Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler • Poems of
Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) published posthumously
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1894 X-rays discovered
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1894–1906 In the Dreyfus Affair, anti-Semitic sentiment
polarizes France
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1898 Radium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie •
Spanish-American War breaks out
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| 1904 Anton
Chekhov, The Cherry Orchard
performed |
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