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W. W. Norton & Company : College Books

Psychology of Learning and Behavior

Contents

  • CHAPTER 1 - HUMAN NATURE, SCIENCE, AND BEHAVIOR THEORY UNDERSTANDING
  • UNDERSTANDING
  • UNDERSTANDING AND SCIENCE
    • Causes, Generalizations, and Laws
  • EXPERIMENTATION: THE TOOL OF SCIENCE
  • SCIENCE AND HUMAN NATURE
  • PSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR THEORY, AND LEARNING
  • PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
    • Descartes and Hobbes: Man as Machine Associationism
    • BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
    • Darwin and Evolution
  • THE EMERGENCE OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
    • Single Event Learning: Habituation
    • Event-Event Learning: Pavlovian Conditioning
    • Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
  • LEARNING ABOUT HUMANS BY STUDYING ANIMALS
  • SUMMARY
  • PART I - EVENT LEARNING: HABITUATION AND PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
  • CHAPTER 2 - SINGLE EVENT LEARNING: HABITUATION
  • SEPARATING HABITUATION FROM SENSORY ADAPTATION OR MOTOR FATIGUE
    • Evidence for a Learning Explanation
    • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES
    • Response Recovery in Everyday Life
  • CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE HABITUATION
  • MECHANISMS OF HABITUATION
  • DUAL-PROCESS THEORIES
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING
  • A MEMORY THEORY OF HABITUATION
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 3 - PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING: BASIC PHENOMENA
  • THE CLASSIC CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
  • ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION
  • THE SCOPE OF PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING RESEARCH
    • Eyeblink Conditioning
    • Conditioned Fear
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING
    • The Neural Mechanisms of Eyeblink Conditioning
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF PHOBIA
    • Conditioned Keypecking
    • Taste Aversion Learning
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: FOOD AVERSIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
  • THE NEED FOR CONTROL PROCEDURES IN STUDIES OF PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
  • TEMPORAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CS AND THE US
    • Delay Conditioning
    • Simultaneous Conditioning
    • Temporal Conditioning
    • Backward Conditioning
  • OTHER VARIABLES AFFECTING PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
    • The CS and the US
    • Qualitative Relations between CS and US
  • CONSTRAINTS ON LEARNING
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 4 - PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING: CAUSAL FACTORS
  • NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
    • Contingency
    • Locating the US in Time
    • Informativeness, Redundancy, and Blocking
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: PREDICTIVENESS, FEAR, AND ANXIETY
  • PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING AND INHIBITION
    • Inhibition in the Nervous System
    • Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior
    • Detecting Inhibition
    • External Inhibition and Disinhibition
    • Indirect Measures of Inhibition
    • Direct Measures of Inhibition
  • CONDITIONS PRODUCING INHIBITION
    • Extinction
    • Conditioned Inhibition Training
    • Negative Contingency Training
    • Inhibition of Delay
    • Discrimination and Generalization
    • Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients
    • Backward Conditioning
  • NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR INHIBITION
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSIS
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 5 - PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING: EXPLANATIONS
  • THE RESCORLA-WAGNER THEORY
    • Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli
    • Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency
    • Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition
    • A Surprising Prediction
  • CONDITIONING AND CHANGES IN CS EFFECTIVENESS
    • Latent Inhibition
    • Learned Irrelevance
    • Another Look at Blocking
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING: THE NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CHANGES IN CS PROCESSING
    • Surprise and CS Salience
    • PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE RESCORLA-WAGNER THEORY REHEARSAL AND CONDITIONING
    • Blocking
  • EFFECTS OF SINGLE EVENT EXPOSURE ON CONDITIONING CS
    • Preexposure (Latent Inhibition)
    • US Preexposure
  • THEORIES OF EXTINCTION
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 6 - PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING: STORAGE AND RESPONSE OUTPUT
  • WHAT IS LEARNED IN CONDITIONING?
    • Manipulating Representations
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING: A NEURAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN URS AND CRS
  • CONDITIONED INHIBITION: WHAT IS LEARNED?
  • THE PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
  • THE ADAPTIVE FUNCTION OF THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE
  • CRs THAT OPPOSE Urs
  • OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY
  • CHALLENGES TO THE CONDITIONED OPPONENT MODEL
  • ROLE OF CONDITIONING IN HUMAN DRUG ABUSE
  • USING CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES TO TREAT ADDICTION
    • Extinction
    • Counterconditioning
    • Competing Response Training
  • ASSOCIATION: THE PROCESS UNIFYING DIVERSE CRs
  • SUMMARY
  • PART II - BEHAVIOR-EVENT LEARNING: OPERANT CONDITIONING
  • CHAPTER 7 - OPERANT CONDITIONING: BASIC PHENOMENA
  • THE LAW OF EFFECT
  • THE BEHAVIOR-CONSEQUENCE RELATION
  • SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
    • Measuring the Operant Response
    • The Conditioning Chamber
    • What Is Operant Behavior?
    • Which Operant Behaviors Should Be Studied?
  • CONDITIONING AND EXTINCTION
  • CREATING BEHAVIORAL UNITS
    • The Form of the Behavioral Unit
  • CONSTRAINED OPERANT-REINFORCER LEARNING
    • The Dancing Chicken
    • The Miserly Raccoon
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: SHAPING NEW BEHAVIOR
  • THE NATURE OF REINFORCEMENT
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: ELIMINATING BEHAVIOR
    • Reinforcer Relativity
  • CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT
    • Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer-Predictiveness
    • Observing Responses
    • Token Reinforcers
  • THE FUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONED REINFORCERS
  • APPLICATIONS OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: TOKEN REINFORCEMENT IN EDUCATION
  • NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT?
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 8 - OPERANT CONDITIONING: CAUSAL FACTORS AND EXPLANATIONS
  • WHAT PRODUCES CONDITIONING: CONTIGUITY OR CONTINGENCY?
    • Evidence for Contiguity
    • Superstition
    • Another Look at Superstition
    • Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning
  • CONTINGENCY LEARNING
    • Contingency Learning in Infants
    • Learned helplessness
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: LEARNED HELPLESSNESS AND DEPRESSION
  • CONTINGENCY LEARNING IN GENERAL
    • How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments?
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING: WHAT IS LEARNED?
    • Response-Reinforcer Learning
    • Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning
    • Stimulus-Response Associations
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 9 - AVERSIVE CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR: PUNISHMENT AND AVOIDANCE
  • CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION
  • PUNISHMENT
  • THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT
    • Does Punishment Work?
    • Maximizing the Effects of Punishment
    • Punishment and General Suppression
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT
    • Negativity of Punishment
  • AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
    • Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING:THE NEURAL MECHANISMS OF AVOIDANCE LEARNING
    • Shock Postponement
  • THEORIES OF AVERSIVE CONTROL
    • Two-Factor Theory
    • Operant Theory
    • Cognitive Theory
    • Biological Theory
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: ELIMINATING AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 10 - THE MAINTENANCE OF BEHAVIOR: INTERMITENT REINFORCEMENT,CHOICE, AND ECONOMICS
  • SCHEDULES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
    • Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules
    • Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules
    • Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules
    • Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules
  • CAN SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT MAINTAIN BEHAVIOR?
  • PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
  • SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
    • Fixed Ratios
    • Variable Ratios
    • Variable Intervals
    • Fixed Intervals
  • THE STUDY OF CHOICE: CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
    • The Matching Law
    • The Matching Law in Operation
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES:PROCRASTINATION
    • Matching and Maximizing
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING: ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION CAN BE USEDTO STUDY CHOICE BEHAVIOR AND MATCHING
    • Choice and Foraging
  • OPERANT BEHAVIOR AND ECONOMICS
    • The Concept of Demand
    • Demand and Income
    • Substitutability of Commodities
    • Open and Closed Economic Systems
  • SUMMARY
  • PART III -COMPLEX LEARNING PROCESSES
  • CHAPTER 11 - STIMULUS CONTROL OF OPERANT BEHAVIOR
  • PERVASIVENESS OF STIMULUS CONTROL PHENOMENA
  • DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION
  • PROCEDURES FOR STUDYING STIMULUS CONTROL
  • THE PROCESS OF DISCRIMINATION
    • Predictiveness and Redundancy
    • Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector
    • Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli
    • Transfer of Training
  • THE PROCESS OF GENERALIZATION: EXCITATION AND INHIBITION
    • The Peak Shift
    • Transposition and the Nature of Perceptual Judgment
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING: THE NEURAL MECHANISMS OF AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION LEARNING
  • COMPOUND STIMULUS CONTROL
    • Configural Stimulus Control
    • Positive Patterning
    • Negative Patterning
    • Biconditional Discrimination
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 12 - INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
  • DISTINGUISHING PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
    • Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Responses
    • Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior
    • The Omission Procedure
  • PAVLOVIAN CONTINGENCIES AND OPERANT BEHAVIOR
    • Types of Pavlovian-Operant Combinations
    • Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior
  • PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONED STATES AS INFORMATION
  • PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT CONDITIONING: ONE UNDERLYING PROCESS?
    • Competition between Operant Responses and Pavlovian CSs
    • Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 13 - BEHAVIOR AND CONCEPTUALIZATION
  • DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION IN A NEW LIGHT
  • FROM DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION TO CONCEPTUALIZATION
  • NATURAL CONCEPTS
    • Presence versus absence of objects from natural concepts
    • Discriminating objects in multiple natural concepts
  • CONCEPTUALIZATION VIA PRIMARY OR SECONDARY GENERALIZATION
    • Nonsimilarity-based conceptualization by pigeons
    • Joint category learning by pigeons
  • ABSTRACT CONCEPTS
    • Matching-to-sample by pigeons
    • Oddity learning by pigeons
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 14 - MEMORY AND COGNITION
  • REMEMBERING AND LANGUAGE
  • REMEMBERING AND KNOWING
  • DELAYED MATCHING-TO-SAMPLE
    • Basic methods and findings
    • Trace theory
    • Complexity and flexibility of memory
  • MEMORY LOSS?
  • SELECTIVE ATTENTION
  • SPATIAL MEMORY
  • NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING:THE NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SPATIAL LEARNING
  • CONTROL BY TIME
  • CONTROL BY NUMBER
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 15 - HUMAN LEARNING AND COGNITION: LEARNING ABOUT CAUSES
  • CONDITIONING AND CAUSATION CAUSALITY DETECTION
    • David Hume and Causality
    • Causation as a psychological impression
    • Conditions of causation
    • A mechanical model of causality perception
    • Factors that affect causal judgments
    • Comparative psychology of causal association
  • EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF HUMAN CAUSALITY DETECTION
    • Contingency
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: INHIBITION IN HUMAN CONTINGENCY JUDGMENTS
    • Reconciling Disparate Results
    • Temporal contiguity
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: THE ILLUSION OF CONTROL
    • Cue competition
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: BLOCKING IN HUMAN LEARNING
  • LEARNING AND COGNITION: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: WHY PEOPLE BELIEVE WEIRD THINGS
  • SUMMARY

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