Contents
- Preface
- Part I Foundations
- 1. The Nature of Learning and Memory
- Memory Defines Our Individuality
- Memory Plays a Pervasive Role in Daily Life
- Amazing Cases of Amnesia
- The Study of Learning and Memory Has a Long History
- Modern Scientific Approaches to the Study of Learning and Memory
- Themes of This Book
- Chapter Summary
- 2. The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
- Cells, Circuits, and Systems
- Neurons: The Cellular Units of Information Processing
- Learning & Memory in Action: What Happens to the Brain When We Age?
- Interconnected Neurons in Brain Circuits Serve Specific Functions
- Learning & Memory in Action: Can Genetic Alterations Improve Memory?
- Brain Systems Serve Psychological Functions
- Chapter Summary
- Part II Unconscious Forms of Learning and Memory
- 3. Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
- Habituation and Sensitization Are Nonassociative Forms of Learning
- Habituation Occurs within Brain Circuits
- Habituation Helps Us Study Recognition Memory
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Advertisers Use Dishabituation to Direct Attention to Their Products?
- Primitive Nervous Systems Reveal the Biology of Habituation
- Sensitization Increases Responsiveness
- Learning & Memory in Action: Why Do Horror Movies Heighten Our Responses to Benign Events?
- Chapter Summary
- 4. Perceptual Learning and Memory
- Characteristics of Perceptual Learning and Memory
- Perceptual Skill Learning: Identifying Stimuli
- Learning & Memory in Action: Can Someone Really Be a "Born Expert"?
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Can Farmers Distinguish between Male and Female Baby Chicks?
- Perceptual Memories
- Chapter Summary
- 5. Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov Began the Study of Classical Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning Provides Protocols for Studying Simple Motor Responses
- Variations in Conditioning Reveal Its Basic Properties
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Clinicians Treat Phobias?
- Complex Associations in Classical Conditioning
- The Nature of the Association in Classical Conditioning
- Neural Circuits Build Reflex Arcs to Support Classical Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning Can Illuminate Other Memory Systems
- Learning & Memory in Action: Can Coyotes Be Trained Not to Prey on Sheep?
- Chapter Summary
- 6. Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
- Instrumental Learning Changes Reinforced Behavior to Reflect Memory
- Reinforcers Modify the Predictive Relationship between Stimulus and Response
- Learning & Memory in Action: What Is the Basis of Losing Streaks?
- Animals Learn about the Environment and Expect Reinforcers
- Humans' Habits and Skills Combine Cognitive Memory and Instrumental Learning of Motor Programs
- Striatal Cortical Pathways Support Instrumental Learning and Skill Acquisition
- Learning & Memory in Action: Why Does Stress Often Cause Forgetting?
- Chapter Summary
- 7. Emotional Learning and Memory
- Emotion and Memory Mix at Multiple Levels
- Emotional Learning Can Occur without Conscious Recollection
- Learning & Memory in Action: Why Do Advertisers Bombard Us with Product Names and Images?
- Emotions Influence the Strength of Cognitive Memories
- Neural Circuitry for Expressing Emotions Supports Emotional Learning and Memory
- Brain Circuits That Support Emotional Arousal and Attention Modulate Cognitive Memory
- Learning & Memory in Action: Why Are Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety So Difficult to Treat?
- Chapter Summary
- Part III Conscious Forms of Learning and Memory
- 8. Cognitive Memory
- Cognitive Memory Is Declarative; Behavioral Memory Is Procedural
- Cognitive Memory Is Flexible and Inferential
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Do People Make Creative Leaps?
- Human Cognitive Memory: Distinct Encoding and Retrieval Strategies
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Mnemonists Perform Their Tricks?
- Cognitive Memory Uses a Circuit of Cortical Structures and the Hippocampus
- Animal Models Identify the Role of the Hippocampus in Cognitive Memory
- Chapter Summary
- 9. Episodic Memory
- Defining Episodic Memory
- Fundamental Properties of Episodic Memory
- Learning & Memory in Action: Eyewitness Testimony
- The Hippocampus Supports Episodic Memory
- Learning & Memory in Action: Aging and Memory Loss
- Episodic Memory May Exist in Animals
- Hippocampal Neurons Represent Episodic Memories
- Chapter Summary
- 10. Semantic Memory
- Defining Semantic Memory
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Can Computers Learn to Recognize Speech?
- Spatial Memories May Be Organized as Routes or Surveys
- Learning & Memory in Action: Designing Cities
- The Organization of Semantic Information Processing
- Episodic Memory Contributes to Semantic Memory
- Chapter Summary
- 11. Memory Consolidation
- Studies of Retrograde Amnesia Characterized Memory Consolidation
- Memory Consolidation Has Two Distinct Stages
- Cellular Events Are the First Stage of Memory Consolidation
- Learning & Memory in Action: Blocking Consolidation of Traumatic Memories
- The Hippocampal–Cortical System Supports Prolonged Memory Reorganization
- Learning & Memory in Action: Does Sleep Aid Memory Consolidation?
- Models of Cortical–Hippocampal Interactions Illuminate Memory Reorganization
- Chapter Summary
- 12. Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
- Defining Short-Term Memory
- Working Memory Is Short-Term Memory with Several Components
- Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Waitresses and Waiters Remember So Much?
- Working Memory Is Controlled by the Prefrontal Cortex
- Learning & Memory in Action: What Is It Like to Have Prefrontal Cortex
- Damage?
- A Network of Cortical Areas Orchestrates Working Memory
- Chapter Summary
- Glossary
- References
- Credits
- Name Index
Copyright © 2007, W. W. Norton & Company. All rights reserved.
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