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W. W. Norton & Company : College Books

The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present

Contents

  • Preface
  • PART I Europe’s Apogee
  • Chapter 1: The Beginning of a New Century
  • A RISING POPULATION
  • INTELLECTUAL DISQUIET AND CULTURAL REVOLT
  • THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE GLOBAL DIMENSION OF EUROPEAN POLITICS
  • THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
    • The Workers
    • The Ruling Group in Europe
    • The Middle Classes
  • THE WANING OF POLITICAL CONSENSUS
  • Chapter 2: Politics and Society, 1890–1914
  • GREAT BRITAIN
    • From the Victorian to the Edwardian Age
    • The Politics of the Ruling Class
    • The Labor Movement and Social Reform
    • Imperialism Versus Domestic Reform
    • The Triumph of the Liberal Party
    • Intensification of Internal Conflicts: Women’s Rights and the Irish Question
    • The Waning of Confidence
  • FRANCE
    • Social Basis of French Parliamentarianism
    • The Republican Regime versus Monarchist Traditions
    • The Consolidation of the Republic
    • The Rise of New Tensions
    • Foreign Policy
  • ITALY
  • GERMANY
    • Constitution and Social Structure
    • The Empire Under William II
  • THE HABSBURG MONARCHY
    • The Dual Monarchy
  • RUSSIA
    • The Autocracy in Practice
    • The Drive Toward Industrialization
    • The Opposition
    • The Russo-Japanese War and the Revolution of 1905
  • Chapter 3: The First World War
  • THE RIGIDIFICATION OF THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM
  • THE CRISES OF 1905–1914
    • The First and Second Moroccan Crises
    • The Bosnian Crisis
    • War and Crisis in the Balkans
  • THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
    • The European Attitude Toward War in 1914
  • THE NATURE OF TOTAL WAR
    • The Home Front
    • The War Aims
  • THE TIDES OF BATTLE
    • The Expanding Theater of War
    • Stalemate in the West
    • German Success in the East
    • Why Men Fought
  • 1917: THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
  • THE REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
  • DECISION IN THE WEST
    • A New Combatant: the United States
  • CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
  • PART II The Peace That Failed
  • Chapter 4: Peacemaking
  • THE STATESMEN AND THEIR AIMS
  • THE SETTLEMENTS IN EASTERN EUROPE
    • The Treaty of Sevres and the Birth of Modern Turkey
    • The Treaties of Neuilly, Trianon, and St. Germain and Developments in Southeastern and Eastern Europe
  • THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
  • BEGINNINGS OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
  • THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
  • SOVIET RUSSIA AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
  • Chapter 5: The Era of Stabilization
  • UNREST AND CHAOS IN GERMANY: 1919–1924
  • THE ROAD TO THE REPARATIONS SETTLEMENT
    • France
    • Great Britain
  • BRITAIN AS EUROPE’S LEADER: 1925–1929
  • ITALY AND RUSSIA IN THE TWENTIES
    • The Rise of Fascism in Italy
    • The Stabilization of Communism in Russia
    • From Lenin to Stalin
    • "Socialism in One Country"
  • THE AMBIGUITY OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
  • BRAVE NEW WORLD
  • Chapter 6: The Economic Crisis and the Rise of Nazism
  • THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS
  • THE FIRST STIRRINGS OF REVOLT AGAINST EUROPEAN CONTROL OF THE GLOBE
    • Africa
    • India
    • The Change in the Far East: Japan and China
  • THE RISE OF NAZISM IN GERMANY
    • Adolf Hitler and the Foundation of the Nazi Party
    • Decline of Parliamentary Government in the Weimar Republic
    • The Implementation of the Nazi Program
    • Nazi Policies toward Women
    • The Beginning of Nazi Foreign Policy
    • The Italian Conquest of Ethiopia
    • The Reoccupation of the Rhineland
  • Chapter 7: Toward the Inevitable Conflict
  • THE YEARS OF APPEASEMENT
    • Great Britain
    • The General Strike
    • From Ramsay MacDonald to Neville Chamberlain
    • France
  • THE DEMOCRACIES IN RETREAT
    • The Spanish Civil War
    • The Spanish Civil War and European Diplomacy
    • Anschluss and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia
    • The End of Appeasement
  • SOVIET RUSSIA DURING THE INTERWAR YEARS
    • Stalinism and the Purge Trials
    • Stalin’s Foreign Policy
  • Chapter 8: The Second World War
  • THE EUROPEAN WAR
    • Germany in Command
    • The "Phony War"
    • The Opening of the Western Offensive
    • The Battle of Britain
  • THE SHIFT OF THE THEATER OF WAR FROM THE WEST TO THE EAST
    • England’s Chances of Survival
    • The Mediterranean Campaign
    • The Eastern Offensive
  • THE WAR AT ITS HEIGHT
    • The Global War
    • Total War
    • Europe Under the Nazis
  • THE HINGE OF FATE
    • Germany Before Surrender
    • The Overthrow of Mussolini
    • The End of the War in Europe
    • The Fall of Japan
  • PART III Rebuilding Europe
  • Chapter 9: Postwar Uncertainties
  • FROM WARTIME COOPERATION TO CONFLICTS OVER THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
    • Europe at the End of Hostilities
    • Wartime Preparations for Postwar Europe
    • The Potsdam Conference
  • THE UNITED STATES AND SOVIET RUSSIA CONFRONT EACH OTHER IN EUROPE
    • The Problem of the Peace Treaties and the Development of East-West Conflict
    • The Problem of German Reparations and the Break Between Russia and the West
    • The Beginning of the Cold War: The Berlin Blockade
  • EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR TO THE FAR EAST
    • Asia at the End of Hostilities
    • The Retreat from Colonialism
    • A Chain of Open Conflicts
    • The Struggle in China
    • The Korean War
    • The French Defeat in Indochina and the End of the Cold War
  • Chapter 10: Reconstruction and Revolt: The 1950s
  • THE BASIC TASKS OF RECONSTRUCTION
  • THE CONTEXT OF RECONSTRUCTION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMICS
  • RECONSTRUCTION IN THE EASTERN BLOC
    • Reconstruction in Soviet Russia
    • Reconstruction in the Satellite Countries
    • Treaty Bonds Between Soviet Russia and the Satellites
    • The Establishment of a New Order in the Satellite Countries
    • The Defection of Tito and the Stalinist Purges
  • RECONSTRUCTION IN THE WEST
    • Treaty Bonds in the Western Bloc
    • Internal Developments in Western Bloc Nations
    • The Recovery of the Defeated Powers
    • Italy
    • West Germany
  • POSTWAR STRAINS IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN
    • France
    • Britain
  • THE GROWTH OF TENSION WITHIN THE EASTERN AND WESTERN BLOCS
  • CRISIS IN THE EAST
    • Unrest in Poland and Hungary
    • The Revolt in Hungary
  • THE SUEZ AFFAIR
  • PART IV Resurgent Europe
  • Chapter 11: Europe’s Abundant Decade: The 1960s
  • THE PURSUIT OF STABILITY AND PROSPERITY IN THE WEST
    • Conservative Government in Great Britain, 1956–1964
    • Labor’s Return to Power
    • France: The Return of De Gaulle
    • Independence for Algeria
    • De Gaulle’s Vision for France
    • Italy’s "Opening towards the Left"
    • Germany: A Western Power
    • Western Europe: Coherence and Tension
  • DE-STALINIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE
    • Khrushchev’s Domestic Policies
    • Khrushchev’s Foreign Policies and the Sino-Soviet Split
    • Poland and Hungary
    • Roumania and East Germany
    • Czechoslovakia
    • A Shift in Theory
  • Chapter 12: The Years of Disillusionment: 1967—1973
  • SHATTERED HOPES
  • THE SPRING OF PRAGUE
  • STUDENT REVOLT
    • The Roots of Revolt
  • REACTIONS TO THE REVOLUTION THAT FAILED
    • Terrorism
    • Eurocommunism
  • THE OIL CRISIS
  • WOMEN IN REVOLT
  • CONTRADICTORY IMPULSES
  • Chapter 13: The Decade of DÈtente 1969—1979
  • SUPERPOWER DŠTENTE AND ARMS CONTROL
    • The SALT I Negotiations
    • The Helsinki Accords
    • SALT II
  • WEST EUROPEAN POLITICS IN THE DECADE OF DŠTENTE
    • West Germany
    • France
    • Great Britain
    • Democracy Comes to Portugal and Greece
  • A TIME OF UNCERTAINTY
  • Chapter 14: Western Europe in the Troubled 1980s
  • THATCHER’S BRITAIN
  • WEST GERMANY TURNS RIGHT
  • MITTERAND’S FRANCE
  • SOUTHERN EUROPE
    • Spain
    • Italy
  • EUROPEAN—AMERICAN RELATIONS IN THE REAGAN ERA
    • The Collapse of DÈtente
    • The Euromissile Controversy
    • Return to DÈtente
  • EUROPEAN—AMERICAN RELATIONS IN THE REAGAN ERA
  • THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: PLANNING FOR 1992
  • Chapter 15: A New Order in Eastern Europe
  • THE SOVIET UNION
    • The Brezhnev Era
    • The Andropov-Chernenko Interregnum
    • Gorbachev: Glasnost and Perestroika
    • Exit Gorbachev, Enter Yeltsin
  • THE RETURN TO DIVERSITY IN EASTERN EUROPE
    • High Noon in Poland
    • The New Hungarian Revolution
    • East Germany: The Wall Comes Down
    • Czechoslovakia: From Velvet Revolution to Velvet Divorce
    • Changing Guard in Bulgaria
    • Rumania: Ceausescu’s Bloody End
    • Yugoslavia: Ethnic Turmoil in the Balkans
  • WOMEN IN POST-COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE
  • Chapter 16: Europe in the 1990s: New Beginnings, Old Agonies
  • WESTERN EUROPE ADRIFT: FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND ITALY
  • FROM BONN TO BERLIN: UNITED GERMANY
  • YELTSIN’S RUSSIA
  • THE COLLAPSE OF YUGOSLAVIA
  • GLOBALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS: NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO
  • Suggestions for Further Reading
  • Credits
  • Index

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