Perspectives from the Past:
Primary Sources in Western Civilizations

Second Edition
James Brophy, University of Delaware; Steven Epstein, University of Colorada, Boulder; Cat Nilan; John Robertson, Central Michigan University; Thomas Max Safley, University of Pennsylvania
ISBN  0-393-97821-4   |   paper   |   April 2002    (Volume 1)
ISBN  0-393-97822-2   |   paper   |   April 2002    (Volume 2)

Chapter 1: The Earliest Civilizations of the Near East
Atrahasis: An Account of the Great Flood
from The Epic of Gilgamesh
from The Cursing of Akkad
NEW The Hymn to the Nile
Praises to the King
The Instructions of Ptah-hotep
from Egyptian Love Poetry
from The Book of the Dead
from Harper’s Songs

Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East in the Second Millennium B.C.E.: Change, Synthesis, and Interaction
NEW from Laws from Ancient Mesopotamia
NEW The Righteous Sufferer
NEW Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period
The Story of Sinuhe
The Hymn of Victory of Thutmose III
Akhenaton’s Hymn to the Aton
A Letter from Tell el-Amarna
from The Letters of Deir el-Medina

Chapter 3: Gods and Empires: The Iron Age Near East
NEW Wen-Amun’s Journey to Phoenicia
NEW The Journey of Wen-Amon to Phoenicia
NEW Phoenician Trade in the Hebrew Bible
NEW Solomon’s Construction of Yahweh’s Temple of Jerusalem
NEW The Annals of Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria
NEW from Letters from Diviners to the Assyrian King
from Divining the Intentions of the Gods: The Ancient Assyrian Use of Omens
NEW The Cylinder Inscription of Cyrus
NEW Herodotus on the Customs of the Persians
from The Book of Genesis: The Story of Noah and the Flood
The Torah
from The Prophecies of Amos
from The Prophecies of Jeremiah
from The Prophecies of Isaiah
An Aramic Letter from Elephantine

Chapter 4: The Greek Experiment
Homer, from The Iliad
Hesiod , from Works and Days and Pandora
Poems of Sappho of Lesbos and Semonides of Amorges
Spartan Society and Values
NEW Herodotus, On the Second Persian Invasian of Greece
Thucydides, from History of the Peloponnesian Wars
Xenophon, from Oeconomicus
Sophocles, from Antigone
Plato, from The Apology

Chapter 5: The Expansion of Greece: From Polis to Cosmopolis
Plato, from The Republic
Aristotle, from Politics
Plutarch, from Life of Alexander
from The First Book of Maccabees
Theocritus, from Idylls
Epicurus, Principal Doctrines
Lucretius, from On the Nature of Things
from The Manual of Epictetus
Short Poems by Hellenistic Authors

Chapter 6: Roman Civilization
from The Twelve Tables
Plutarch, from The Life of Marcus Cato the Elder
Diodorus Siculus, from On Slavery in the Late Republic
Cicero, from On the Laws
Juvenal, from Satires
Ovid, from The Loves
Petronius, from Satyricon
Columella, Management of a Large Estate
from The Gospel of Matthew
Tacitus, from Germania

Chapter 7: Christianity and the Transformation of the Roman World
Constantine, from Oration
Roman Law, from The Theodosian Code
Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Romans
from The Martyrdom of Polycarp
St. Benedict, from Rule
Ammianus Marcellinus, from The History
Gregory of Tours, from History of the Franks
St. Augustine, from City of God

Chapter 8: Rome’s Three Heirs: Byzantium, Islam, Early Middle Ages
Procopius, from Secret History
NEW Armenian History
Muhammed, from The Quran
NEW al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari
Bede, from A History of the English Church and People
from The Lombard Laws: Rothair’s Edicts
Einhard, from The Life of Charlemagne
Monastic Culture, Cures, Clamors, and Excommunications
Anglo-Saxon Poetry, The Wanderer
NEW Egil’s Saga

Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages 1050-1300: Social, Political, and Economic History
The Statutes of Lorris
The Charter of Liberties for St. Omer
A Medieval Last Will and Testament
Medieval Commercial Contracts and Correspondence
Anna Comnena, from Alexiad
Jean de Joinville, from The Life of St. Louis
English Constitutional Law, The Magna Carta
Castilian Law Code, from Las Siete Partidas

Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages 1050-1300: Religion and Intellectual History
Gregory VII, from Letter to Herman Metz
Pope Boniface VIII, Papal Bull Unam Sanctum
Otto of Freising, from The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
NEW The Carmina Burana
St. Francis, from Rule and Testament
Hildegard of Bingen, Letter to the Clergy of Mainz
Stephen of Bourbon, from On the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit
Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend
St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica
from Poem of the Cid

Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages
Ibn Khaldun, from The Muqaddimah
Giovanni Boccaccio, from Decameron
Geoffrey Chaucer, from The Canterbury Tales
Jan Hus, from The Church
Dante Alighieri, from The Divine Comedy
Christine de Pisan, from The Book of the City of Women
from The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc
NEW Pope Pius II, Commentaries
NEW The Distribution of Wealth in Tuscany in 1427

(Beginning of Volume 2)

NEW Chapter 12: Commerce, Conquest, and Colonization 1250-1600
NEW William of Rubruck, from On the Mongols
Ibn Battuta, from Travels
NEW Doukas, The Turkish-Byzantine History
NEW Aşikpaşazade, History of the House of Osman
The Tale of the White Cowl
NEW The Voyage of Alvise da Mosto
NEW The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
NEW Manuel I’s letter about India

Chapter 13: The Renaissance
Leon Battista Alberti, from I Libri della Famiglia
from The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini
Giorgio Vassari, from The Lives of the Artists
Leonardo Da Vinci, from Principle of Perspective
Baldesar Castiglione, from The Book of the Courtier
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, from Oration on the Dignity of Man
Niccolo Machiavelli, from The Prince
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, Cyclops, of the Gospel Bearer
Sir Thomas More, from Utopia

Chapter 14: Protestant Reformation
Giovanni Michiel Massacre, from A Venetian Ambassador’s Report on St. Bartholomew’s Day
St. Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spirit Exercises
Iconoclasm, from The Zurich Trial of Klaus Hottinger
Saint Teresa of Avil, from The Life of Teresa of Jesus
Sebastian Lotzer, The Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia
from Canons and Decrees from the Council of Trent
John Calvin, from The Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Martin Luther, from To The Christian Nobility of the German Natio
NEW A Statement of Grievences from The Diet of Worms
NEW The Oath of Allegiance to Henry VIII

Chapter 15: The Iron Century: Regionalism, Dynasticism, and Religious Wars 1540-1660
Jean Bodin, from On Sovereignty
On the Plague, from Instructions of the Health Board of Florence
Gianfrancesco Morosini, from A Venetian Ambassador’s Report on Spain
Reginald Scot, from Discoverie of Witchcraft
Blaise Pascal, from Pensées
John Donne, from The First Anniversarie
Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelhausen, from Simplicissimus
Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, from It is Folly to Measure the True and False by Our Own Capacity
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, from Of Cannibals
NEW Henry Blount, An Account of the Turkish Military

Chapter 16: The Economy and Society of Early Modern Europe
Lorenzo Bernardo from A Venetian Ambassador’s Report on the Ottoman Empire
Thomas Mun from Discourse on England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade
Jean Baptiste Poquelin from The Citizen Who Apes the Nobleman
(Molière)
Robert Filmer from Patriarcha
Jean Baptiste Colbert, A Memorandum, 1669 and A Memorandum, 1670
Jean Robert Jacques Turgot from Reflections on the Accumulation and Distribution of Wealth
William Goudge from Of Domesticall Duties
Vauban and Platelle
NEW Abbe Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, from A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies
NEW Adam Smith, from The Wealth of Nations
NEW Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys
NEW Coffee House Society in Europe

Chapter 17: The Age of Absolutism 1660-1789
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: Louis XIV and the Duc de Saint-Simon
John Locke, from Two Treatises on Government
Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, from Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
Duc de Saint-Simon, from Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon
Frederick II, The Great, from Antimachiavell
Hugo Grotius, from On the Law of War and Peace

(end of Volume One)

Chapter 18: The Scientific Revolution
Francis Bacon, from The Great Instauration
Galileo Galilei, from The Starry Messenger and The Assayer
Blaise Pascal, from Pensées
René Descartes, from Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy
Isaac Newton, from Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
NEW Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
NEW Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humbolt, Personal Narrative
NEW Dr. John Wallis, The Origin of the Royal Society

Chapter 19: The Enlightenment
Voltaire, from Letters Concerning the English Nation
Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu from The Spirit of the Laws
Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment?
Jeanne Manon Philipon Roland de la Platière, from Memoirs
Marquis de Condorcet, from Outline of a Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from The Social Contract
Mary Wollstonecraft, from A Vindication of the Rights of Women
NEW John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
NEW Cesare, Marchese di Beccaria Bonesana, from An Essay on Crimes and Punishments

Chapter 20: The French Revolution
Arthur Young, from Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
Abbé Emmanuel Sieyes, from What is the Third Estate?
Third Estate of Dourdan, from Grievance Petitions
National Assembly, The Tennis Court Oath
from Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
NEW National Convention, from Levée en Masse Edict
National Convention, from The Law of Suspects
Olympe de Gouges, from Declaration of the Rights of Woman
National Convention, from The National Convention Outlaws Clubs and Popular Societies of Women
Opposing Views of the Revolution: Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine
William Wordsworth, from The Prelude
NEW Al-Jabarti, Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798
NEW The Code Napoleon

Chapter 21: The Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith, from An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Andrew Ure, from The Philosophy of Manufactures
Thomas Malthus, from Essay on the Principle of Population
NEW A Jamaica Proprietor, Letter to the Duke of Wellington on the Subject of West India Slavery
Friedrich List, from National System of Political Economy
Rules of a Factory in Berlin
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de St. Simon,The Incoherence and Disorder of
Industry
Robert Owen, A New View of Society
Karl Marx, from Estranged Labour

Chapter 22: Consequences of Industrialization: Urbanization and Class Consciousness
Anonymous, An Address by a Journeyman Cotton Spinner
Anonymous, from The Life & History of Captain Swing, the Kent Rick Burner, written by Himself
Richard Oastler, Yorkshire Slavery
NEW Michael Ryan, from Prostitution in London, with a comparative view of that of Paris and New York
Friedrich Engels, from The Condition of the English Working Class
Louis Blanc, from History of Ten Years, 1830-1840
Francis Place, The People’s Charter and National Petition
Heinrich Heine, The Silesian Weavers
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, from Manifesto of the Communist Party
Sam Smiles, from Thrift
Isabella Beeton, from The Book of Household Management
Elizabeth Poole Sanford, from Woman in her Social and Domestic Character

Chapter 23: The Rise of Liberalism
Mary Wollstonecraft, from The Vindication of the Rights of Women
Benjamin Constant, from The Principles of Politics
NEW Alexis de Tocqueville, from Democracy in America
Klemens von Metternich, Letter, 24 June 1832
NEW William Wilberforce, from An Appeal to the Religion, Justice, Humanity of the Inhabitants of the British Empire, in Behalf of the Negro Slaves in the West Indies
W. J. Fox, from Speech on Corn Laws
John Stuart Mill, from On Liberty
Alexander II, from Manifesto Emancipating the Serfs
Jules Ferry, from The State Must be Secular and Letter to Teachers
Pope Leo XIII, from Rerum Novarum (About New Things)

Chapter 24: Nationalism and Nation Building
Johann Gottfried Herder, from Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, from Speeches to the German Nation
Lord Byron, On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year (TAG — italicize?)
Adam Mickiewicz, from The Books of the Polish Nation
NEW Frederick Douglas, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas
Alexei Stepanovich Khomyakov, from To the Serbs: An Epistle from Moscow
Giuseppe Mazzini, from Duties of Man
Otto Von Bismarck, from The Memoirs
NEW Ernest Renan, from What is a Nation?
NEW Edouard Drumont, from Jewish France

Chapter 25: Imperialism
NEW Isaac Butt, A Voice for Ireland
David Livingstone, from Cambridge Speech of 1857
NEW Muhammed As-Saffar, Travels of a Moroccan Scholar in France in 1845-46
NEW F.A. Steel and G. Gardiner, from The Complete Indian Housekeeper & Cook
NEW Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, from Indian Art Exhibition at Delhi
NEW Halil Halid, from The Diary of a Turk
Friedrich Fabri, from Does Germany Need Colonies?
Houston Stewart Chamberlain, from Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
NEW Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden
Edward D. Morel, from The Black Man’s Burden
NEW Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism

Chapter 26: Challenges of the Modern West
NEW Émile Zola, from The Ladies of Paradise
Frederick W. Taylor, from The Principles of Scientific Management
Eduard Bernstein, from Evolutionary Socialism
Ernest Edwin Williams, from Made in Germany
Vladimir Lenin, from Our Programme
Clara Zetkin, from Women’s Work and the Organization of Trade Unions
Georges Sorel, from Reflections on Violence
Emmeline Pankhurst, from Why We Are Militant
Henrik Ibsen, from A Doll’s House
Charles Darwin, from The Origin of Species
Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Genealogy of Morals
Sigmund Freud, from Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis

Chapter 27: The First World War
The Trench Poets of World War I
Henri Barbusse, from Under Fire: The Story of a Squad
Ernst Jünger, from The Storm of Steel
R. Scotland Liddell, from On the Russian Front
Bonnie Smith, from Madame Lucie Gets Married
Vera Brittain, from Testament of Youth
from The Versailles Treaty
John Maynard Keynes, from The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Chapter 28: Turmoil between the Wars
John Reed, from Ten Days That Shook the World
Alexandra Kollontai, from The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman
Nadezhda Mandelstam, from Hope Against Hope
Benito Mussolini, from Born of a Need for Action
Adolf Hitler, from Mein Kampf
George Orwell, from The Road to Wigan Pier
Sigmund Freud, from Civilization and Its Discontents
Albert Einstein, from Science and Religion
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Chapter 29: The Second World War
Constancia de la Mora, from In Place of Splendor: The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman
from Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union (August 23, 1939)
Marc Bloch, from Strange Defeat, A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940
Winston Churchill, from Wars are Not Won by Evacuation
Hilde Marchant, from Women and Children Last: A Woman Reporter’s Account of the Battle of Britain
Vassily Grossman, from In the Line of the Main Attack
Anny Latour, from The Jewish Resistance in France, 1940-1944
Tadeusz Borowski, from This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen
from The Neuremberg Trials
Tadataka Kuribayashi, from A Child’s Experience: My Experience of the Atom Bomb
from The United Nations Charter

Chapter 30: New Power Relationships and the New Europe
Winston Churchill, fromThe Sinews of Peace
George C. Marshall, from The Marshall Plan
Nikita Khrushchev, from On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
French Students and Workers Unite in Protest
Margaret Thatcher, from Speech to the Conservative Party Conference (10 October, 1975)
Jean-Yves Potel, from The Promise of Solidarity: Inside the Polish Workers’ Struggle, 1980-82
Mikhail Gorbachev, from On Restructuring the Party’s Personnel Policy
from Treaty on European Union (as amended on 7 February 1992)
Simone de Beauvoir, from The Second Sex
Reinhold Wagnleitner, from Coca-Colonization and the Cold War

Chapter 31: Problems of World Civilization
Mahatma Gandhi, from The Doctrine of the Sword and from On Non-Violence
Frantz Fanon, from The Wretched of the Earth
Ruhollah Khomeini, from Islamic Government
Tomás Borge, from The New Education in the New Nicaragua
Chai Ling, from I Am Still Alive
The United Nations, from Global Outlook 2000
Nigel Harris, from The New Untouchables: Immigration and the NewWorld Worker
Kathryn Kopinak from Desert Capitalism: Maquiladoras in North America’s Western Industrial Corridor
The United Nation’s Fourth World Conference on Women, from Platform for Action
Lyubov Sirota, from Chernobyl Poems
Howard H. Frederick, from Computer Networks and the Emergence of Global Civil Society: The Case for the Association for Progressive Communications