Annotated Contents
Descriptive chemistry is integrated into each chapter in "The Chemistry of..." boxes, which relate to the chemical and contextual topics.
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1 Matter and Its Origins
Theories for the creation of the universe provide the context for introducing basic concepts about matter, atoms, electromagnetic radiation, and the scientific method. The importance and limitations of measurements (e.g., significant figures, accuracy versus precision), as well as common units of measure and their conversion, are discussed.
2 Nuclear Chemistry and the Origins of the Elements
Nuclear chemistry is often front-page news and offers many opportunities to relate chemistry to medical and other technologies. This optional chapter provides an opportunity to grab students’ interest early in the course by including material that is new and relevant.
3 Electrons and Electromagnetic Radiation
The development of our understanding of the nuclear and electronic structure of atoms, from the Bohr model to the quantum mechanical picture, is presented in an historical context. (Note that Chapter 3 may be taught after Chapters 4 and 5.)
4 Stoichiometry and the Composition of the Earth
Compounds found in the Earth’s core, mantle, and crust are used to illustrate the nomenclature of compounds and the determination of percent composition and empirical formulas. A discussion of the chemistry of the Earth’s primitive atmosphere introduces stoichiometric relationships in chemical reactions and limiting reagents.
5 Solution Chemistry and the Hydrosphere
The composition of seawater and fresh water introduces concentration units, the properties of electrolytes, their effect on the colligative properties of solution, and solution stoichiometry. Chemical weathering and other reactions that have altered the composition of the Earth’s surface and natural waters are used to illustrate the classification of chemical reactions (e.g., acid/base, redox, and precipitation).
6 Chemical Bonding and Atmospheric Molecules
Small molecules in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, such as ozone, are used as a context for the introduction of covalent bonding, Lewis structures, resonance, and molecular orbital theory; this approach makes effective use of students’ familiarity with issues concerning air quality and the depletion of the ozone layer.
7 Molecular Shape and the Greenhouse Effect
Trace molecules in the lower atmosphere (nitrogen and sulfur oxides) are used to illustrate odd-electron molecules and Lewis structures that do not follow the octet rule. Concerns about global warming are used to introduce polarity, dipole moments, molecular geometry, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, hybrid orbitals, and rudimentary infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
8 Properties of Gases and the Air That We Breathe
The ideal gas law and Boyle’s, Charles’s, Dalton’s, and Graham’s laws are presented in the context of the air that we breathe and the physiological effects that mountain climbers experience as a result of changes in elevation. Kinetic molecular theory leads us to the behavior of real gases and to a consideration of the interactions between molecules.
9 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids: Water, Nature’s Universal Solvent
Intermolecular forces responsible for deviations from the ideal gas law, as well as the formation and physical properties (e.g., boiling point, vapor pressure, viscosity, and capillary action) of liquids, are illustrated using the example of water, nature’s universal solvent.
10 The Solid State: A Molecular View of Gems and Minerals
Solid-state binary ionic compounds from evaporated seawater and more complicated structures from the Earth’s crust are illustrated with examples drawn from earlier chapters. The origin, location, and occupancy of holes in close-packed structures are described. Theories of metallic bonding and crystal field theory are introduced.
11 Thermochemistry and The Quest for Energy
Students are introduced to thermochemistry through an examination of the combustion of familiar fuels: natural gas and propane. This chapter covers the heat of combustion and formation, the flow of heat to and from a system, enthalpy, and work. Calorimetry and Hess’s Law are presented as methods for determining fuel values and the enthalpies of reactions.
12 Energy and Organic Chemistry
The impact of gasoline consumption on the environment provides the context for a discussion of the nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon fuels. The structure and function of carbohydrates and cellulose in wood are explored in the context of alternate fuels (wood and hydrogen). Hydrogen and hydrogen storage are discussed as possible solutions to energy needs.
13 Entropy and Free Energy and Fueling the Human Engine
The question of why endothermic reactions take place introduces entropy, free energy, as well as the connection between enthalpy, entropy, temperature, and free energy. The thermodynamics of solution allows for a review of intermolecular forces, and a discussion of carbohydrate, protein, and fat catabolism allows for a review of the role of Hess’s Law as applied to free-energy changes.
14 Chemical Kinetics and Air Pollution
Nitrogen oxide generation and smog formation provide relevant examples for the introduction of chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms. Determination of rate laws by the method of initial rates and from integrated rate laws is introduced. The effect of temperature and catalysts on reaction rates is described, and the potential of heterogeneous catalysis in reducing smog is discussed.
15 Chemical Equilibrium and Why Smog Persists
That reactions responsible for smog formation reach equilibrium provides a convenient context for an introduction of equilibrium, equilibrium constants, and the relationship between equilibrium constants and free-energy changes. Le Ch’telier’s principle is explored in the context of important reactions in the troposphere.
16 Equilibrium in the Aqueous Phase and Acid Rain
The presence of acid precipitation and weak bases in the environment provides a context for the introduction of acidñbase equilibrium. The calculation of pH for strong acid solutions (sulfur dioxide forming sulfuric acid) and weak acid solutions (carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid)—a topic directly related to combustion processes described earlier—is also discussed. Furthermore, solubility products (Ksp), as well as crust minerals’ role as buffers in mitigating the effects of acid precipitation, are described. Finally, titrations are revisited.
17 Electrochemistry and Electrical Energy
Electrochemistry and fuel cells represent potential solutions to the problems associated with hydrocarbon combustion. Oxidation/reduction reactions in batteries are discussed in the context of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Determination of electromotive force (EMF) and the effects of concentration (Nernst equation) and temperature on cell potential, are described.
18 Materials Chemistry: Past, Present, and Future
The observation that humans have relied on metals, ceramics, and fibers for millennia serves to organize a discussion of materials, including alloys, ceramics, and fibers. The chemical concepts that underlie metals (alloys), ceramic materials (from clays to ceramic superconductors), natural fibers (silk, wool, and cotton), and synthetic fibers (nylon and polypropylene) are discussed in an historical progression.
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