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1. The effects of body movements on cognition that we discussed in Box 8.3 strike many people as implausible. But you can try it yourself and see. First, try nodding your head up and down while saying to yourself "human beings will land on Mars sometime during my lifetime." Does that proposition sound plausible? Now try shaking your head back and forth while saying "eating an apple a day helps to ward off cancer." Does that sound plausible? The key question: Does the first proposition seem more plausible to you than the second? (It will help our case if you nod your head while considering this one.)

2. Benjamin Franklin was apparently fond of quoting an adage to the effect that, "He that has once doneyou a kindness will be more ready to do you another than he whom you yourself have obliged." How would a dissonance theorist make sense of this adage? A self-perception theorist?

3. In the induced-compliance experiments such as Festinger and Carlsmith's $1/$20 experiment, all participants agree to say or write something that is at variance with their true, initial beliefs. The typical result is an inverse relationship between what they are paid and their subsequent belief in what they were induced to say or write: those who were paid more believe what they said less. But what do you think the relationship between the amount paid and the final attitude would be if the incentives were not sufficient to get participants to say or write something they didn't believe? If everyone turned down payment to express a belief that is counter to their true attitudes, with some turning down more money than others, what do you think the relationship would be between the amount offered and final attitudes?

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