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1. What experiments can you think of from this chapter that: (a) lack external validity, and this lack represents a serious shortcoming of the research; (b) lack external validity, but this lack does not represent a shortcoming at all; and (c) do not lack external validity?

2. In light of what you've learned about the presence of others on performance, what activities can you think of that (a) are typically performed with people working side-by-side but would be better performed by people working alone, and (b) are typically performed by people working alone but would be better performed by people working side-by-side?

3. Research on the spotlight effect indicates that people tend to overestimate the extent to which others take note of them and their behavior. But as with nearly all psychological phenomena, there are exceptions. Can you think of any examples of circumstances or instances in which people systematically underestimate the extent to which others take note of them?

4. Copy the "Mr. A., the electrical engineer" example from page 77 and give it to four of your friends. Have them render a decision individually and then bring them together and have them discuss the case and arrive at a consensus opinion. Finally, compare the joint opinion with the average individual recommendation. Is the group's recommendation riskier than the average individual recommendation?

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