Chapter 4: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

Chapter Outline

The Origin of the Bill of Rights Lies in Those Who Opposed the Constitution

Dual Citizenship Was Defined by Barron v. Baltimore

The Fourteenth Amendment Created the Doctrine of Incorporation

The First Amendment Guarantees Freedom of Religion

• Separation between Church and State Comes from the First Amendment
• Free Exercise of Religion Means You Have a Right to Worship

The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech and the Press Assure Free Exchange of Ideas

• The Truth Is Absolutely Protected Speech
• Freedom of the Press Is Broad
• Some Speech Has Only Limited Protection

The Second Amendment Protects the Right to Bear Arms in a Militia

Rights of the Criminally Accused Are Based on Due Process of Law

• The Fourth Amendment Protects against Unlawful Searches and Seizures
• The Fifth Amendment Covers Court-Related Rights
• The Sixth Amendment's Right to Counsel Is Crucial for a Fair Trial
• The Eighth Amendment Bars Cruel and Unusual Punishment

The Right to Privacy Is the Right to Be Left Alone

Civil Rights Are Protections by the Government

• Plessy v. Ferguson Established "Separate but Equal"
• Racial Discrimination Began to Subside after World War II
• The Civil Rights Struggle Escalated after Brown v. Board of Education
• The Civil Rights Acts Made Equal Protection a Reality

The Civil Rights Struggle Was Extended to Other Disadvantaged Groups

• Women Fought Gender Discrimination
• Latinos and Asian Americans Fight for Rights
• Native Americans Have Sovereignty, but Still Lack Rights
• Disabled Americans Won a Great Victory in 1990
• The Aged Are Protected under Law
• Gays and Lesbians Gained Significant Legal Ground

Affirmative Action Attempts to Right Past Wrongs

• The Supreme Court Shifts the Burden of Proof in Affirmative Action

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