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Fear of foreign entanglements was a revered American tradition. |
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The cold war culture changed that tradition, as America pursued its interests. |
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After 9/11, America has revised its view of its place in the world, with war in Iraq and the War on Terror. |
| 1) Who Makes and Shapes Foreign Policy? |
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The President shapes much of foreign policy, often with domestic audiences in mind. Negotiating treaties, executive agreements, and even ordering force are key powers. |
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The Bureaucracy, especially Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security, along with the Joint Chiefs, NSC, and CIA Director are key advisors. |
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Congress, especially the Senate, has formal roles in treaties and funding international endeavors. |
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Interest Groups, both economic and geographical, are important players. |
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The Media provides a lens through which people view decisions, and is often negative in coverage, spreading cynicism and skepticism. |
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" Putting It Together: Other than the President, the influence of the players varies by issue. Crisis decision-making involves the fewest makers and shapers. |
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| 2) What are the Values in American Foreign Policy? |
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A) Legacies of the Traditional System |
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Intermingling of the domestic and foreign policy institutions. |
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Unilateralism—our willingness to go it alone. |
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B) The Great Leap to World Power |
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World War I ended our traditional system. |
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Following World War II, we pursued multilateralism as we attempted to contain the Soviets. |
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| 3) What are the Instruments of American Foreign Policy? |
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Diplomacy: representing our government to other governments. |
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The United Nations: an international structure to make diplomacy easier. |
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The International Monetary Structure: providing loans with strings attached. |
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Economic Aid: unilaterally providing money as incentive for behavior and to produce stability |
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Collective Security: multilateral treaties such as NATO, and bilateral treaties where we produce security for our friends. |
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Military Deterrence: no longer relying on mobilization but having a large, prepared standing military, and using that presence to influence foreign outcomes |
| 4) Roles Nations Play |
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A) Choosing a Role |
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The Napoleonic Role: preventing hostility by changing the internal affairs within other countries. The Bush Doctrine of preemptive use of force seems an example of this. |
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The Holy Alliance Role: to preserve current order and stop all revolutions and maintain peace. |
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The Balance-of-Power Role: counterbalance other powers so that no one feels able to safely be an aggressor. |
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The Economic Expansionist Role: adopt policies to maximize success of our companies dealing there. |
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B) Roles for America Today |
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The Cold War and the Holy Alliance Role: The USSR and USA became bipolar superpowers through the 1950's and 60's. In the 1970's the world again became multi-polar, lasting until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War in 1989. |
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The Post-Cold War and Global Capitalism: Globalization of markets has been a struggle for many nations as they attempt to keep cultural uniqueness while competing in the global market. |
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The Holy Alliance or the Napoleonic Role in the Post-Cold War Era? We seem to embrace both at various times, although Holy Alliance seems to be the dominant strategy at this time. |
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The War on Terror: Holy Alliance or Napoleonic Unilateralism? Following 9/11 the War on Terror has changed situations again. Non-nation state actors such as al-Qaeda are hard to deal with. The Iraq war seems a good example of Napoleonic role. |
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