World Music Quiz JukeBox Index

INTRODUCTION Global forces shape present-day musical transmission and performance. New settings for musical performance have opened new channels of musical transmission. The juxtaposition of musical traditions within the same settings has also resulted in exchanges between musicians who did not formerly interact. All micromusics can be situated within three interacting and overlapping levels. Subculture: includes local, personal, familial, occupational, and community networks Interculture: subcultures' influence on each other through economic or commercial connections, proximity, or affinity Superculture: shaped by the power of the state and by the national and global economy TRAVEL AND TOURISM Case Study: The Hawaiian Sound The exhibition and sale of music as part of tourism became a lucrative industry long before that time in many places. Sounds of the steel guitar and ukulele, as well as the swaying movements of the hula dance, became inseparable from the burgeoning Pacific tourist trade. These sounds and sights came to signify Hawaii. The foremost performers responsible for the global marketing of Hawaiian music were not native Hawaiians. The Moe family spent virtually all of their adult lives abroad. Born in Samoa; moved to Hawaii at an early age The brothers split up into separate ensembles. Signed in 1941 by the impresario Felix Mendelssohn The group became quite well known in Europe and Asia. Mendelssohn promoted the Pulu Moe ensemble vigorously, marketing them as "foreign" and "exotic." Tau Moe family continued to tour, and returned to Hawaii in their eighties. Since the 1970s, Hawaii has seen a resurgence of interest in its indigenous music and hula dance traditions. Hula is popular internationally as well. There are approximately forty hula schools in Holland, more than six hundred in Mexico, and about one thousand in Japan. Hawaiian music and hula have become enormously popular among young Japanese women. Today ukulele lessons are aired on Japanese television. Hawaiian music is found internationally in surprising locales. Hula and ukulele workshops and classes are held throughout the US. Hawaii-based dance groups focus entirely on the hula. Many of those abroad in the continental United States teach, perform, and maintain multiple Polynesian dances. The wide array of internationally dispersed Hawaiian music and dance traditions testifies to the impact of tourism on music. INTERCULTURAL TRANSMISSION AND BOUNDARY CROSSING Case Study: New Music for Balinese Gamelan Gamelan internationally supported Indonesian government to represent their indigenous musical traditions abroad. Gamelan has influenced many. Inspiring some to build their own newly designed gamelan and to write compositions for them Inspiring new composition for the traditional ensemble Gong kebyar style was performed by a new gamelan ensemble. New Balinese gamelan began to attract national and international attention. Balinese dancers and musicians performed to great acclaim at the 1931 International Colonial Exposition in Paris. Bali became a chic tourist destination. Bali became the fashion in many distant places. Following Indonesian independence in 1945, Balinese culture was pushed to the fore as an international symbol of Indonesia. A gamelan gong kebyar was installed at the Presidential Palace in Bali. Music also continued to play a powerful role in the internal Balinese political process. In the 1960s, the institutional settings for transmission of gamelan gong kebyar music were altered. Government-sponsored schools for music, dance, shadow puppetry, and visual arts were established in Bali. Schools' staffs included increasing numbers of Balinese musicians who had received some of their training abroad. The music continues to be multidimensional and embodies the contradictions, continuities, and instability of twentieth-century Balinese history. One well-known Balinese composer at work today is I Nyoman Windha. First made his reputation as an accomplished ugal player Began composing in 1983 Produced numerous works well known both in Bali and abroad Traveled often between Indonesia, the United States, and Germany. In 2003, Windha moved to California. Worked closely with Gamelan Sekar Jaya Kembang Pencak was composed by Windha. Pencak is a type of martial arts from Indonesia, and kembang means "blooming." Musical genre: kreasi baru Characterized by diverse ingredients Unstable and asymmetrical sections Quick changes of textures and tempi Windha joined Berkeley's gamelan, Sekar Jaya, for a year-long residency. Met Evan Ziporyn Kembang Pencak became the model for a new piece titled Kekembangan. Highlights differences between Balinese and American musical systems and ways of hearing Substitutes a saxophone quartet for the male singers MUSIC AS ART AND COMMODITY Case Study: Traveling the Silk Road The Silk Road's new settings The historical Silk Road provides an extraordinary tale of the extensive movement of people and music. Smithsonian Folklife Festival in 2002: "The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust." Conceived by the renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma. Launched The Silk Road Project to study "the historical and present-day flow of culture and ideas along the trans-Eurasian trade routes" Hopes to plant the seeds of new artistic and cultural growth Yo-Yo Ma provides a model for musical mobility. Has collaborated with other classical musicians. Performs with musicians well established in other musical styles. Hush with Bobby McFerrin Grammy for Soul of the Tango Obrigado, Brazil Connecting Silk Road sounds and significances The Silk Road Project can be seen as emerging from Ma's own expanding interests in different musical traditions. Ma himself has become an active force in initiating musical transmission. Project began its life as a global musical initiative drawing heavily on subcultural and intercultural musical resources. Important goal of the Silk Road project was to bring attention to diverse music traditions from places along the historical Silk Road. Many musicians known to international audiences Chinese musician Wu Man, a virtuoso player on the Chinese plucked lute, the pipa Already established on the global musical scene Ma has worked actively to both commission and perform music. The Silk Road Ensemble The Silk Road: A Musical Caravan CONCLUSION

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