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Chapter
6
Motown Pop and Southern Soul (1960-1970)
Outline
  1. Black pop between 1964 and 1970
    1. Not necessarily pushed off the pop charts by the British Invasion
    2. Now regional
      1. Detroit
      2. Memphis
      3. Muscle Shoals
      4. Atlanta
    3. Three important examples
      1. Motown
      2. Southern soul from Memphis
      3. James Brown
  2. Motown
    1. Early years
      1. Gordy tried many lines of work before he started Motown
      2. Many early Motown masters were leased to larger record companies
      3. Early music was modeled on already successful records
      4. Gordy exploited crossover market
    2. Production model
      1. Used collection of specialized individuals
      2. Songwriters
        1. Various early songwriters
        2. Holland, Dozier, and Holland
        3. Norman Whitfield
      3. "Hitsville, USA" studio
      4. Funk Brothers
      5. Quality control
      6. Artist development
    3. Artists
      1. Temptations
      2. Supremes
      3. Four Tops
      4. Martha and the Vandellas
      5. Marvin Gaye
      6. Stevie Wonder
    4. Motown and the black community
  3. Atlantic, Stax, and Southern Soul
    1. Atlantic, 1960-1965
      1. Drifters
      2. Coasters
      3. Ben E. King
      4. Solomon Burke
      5. Stylistic difference between sweet and southern soul
    2. Stax
      1. Early artists
        1. Carla Thomas
        2. Mar-Keys
        3. Booker T. and the MG's
        4. Rufus Thomas
      2. Booker T and the MG's as Studio band
      3. Sessions less regimented than Motown
      4. Otis Redding
      5. Wilson Pickett
        1. Signed to Atlantic
        2. Recorded at Stax, 1965
        3. Recorded at Fame Studios (Muscle Shoals, AL)
      6. Sam and Dave
        1. Signed to Atlantic
        2. Recorded exclusively at Stax
        3. Teamed with songwriters David Porter and Isaac Hayes
      7. Stax sound
    3. Aretha Franklin
      1. Daughter of the famous Reverend C. L. Franklin
      2. Columbia early period
      3. First recorded for Atlantic in 1967
    4. Blackness
      1. Conflict between authenticity and obvious desire for sales
      2. Differences between Motown and Stax can be hard to discern
      3. Motown was run mostly by African Americans
      4. Stax and Atlantic both were run by white owners
    5. 1968
      1. Death of MLK
      2. Stax terminates agreement with Atlantic
      3. Holland, Dozier, Holland leave Motown
  4. James Brown
    1. Recorded for King (Cincinnati)
    2. Became famous for stage show
    3. Recorded album Live at the Apollo
    4. Asserted control over his music
    5. Led the move toward funk
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