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Prelude Listening to Music Today
1 Melody: Musical Line
2 Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
3 Harmony: Musical Space
4 The Organization of Musical Sounds
5 Musical Texture
6 Musical Form
7 Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics
8 Voices and Musical Instrument Families
9 Western Musical Instruments
10 Musical Ensembles
11 Style and Function of Music in Society
12 The Culture of the Middle Ages
13 Medieval Music
14 The Renaissance Spirit
15 Renaissance Sacred Music
16 Renaissance Secular Music
17 The Baroque Spirit
18 Vocal Music of the Baroque
19 Orchestral Music of the Baroque
20 Baroque Keyboard Music
21 The Classical Spirit
22 The Development of Classical Forms
23 The Classical Symphony
24 The Classical Concerto and Sonata
25 Classical Opera
26 The Spirit of Romanticism
27 The Romantic Miniature
28 Romantic Program Music
29 Romantic Opera
30 The Late Romantics
31 America's Emerging Musical Voice
32 The Impressionist Era
33 Main Currents in Early-Twentieth-Century Music
34 Early-Twentieth-Century Innovators
35 Nationalism and Music
36 Ragtime, Blues, and Jazz
37 New Directions
38 Contemporary Composers Look to World Music
39 Music for the Stage and Screen
40 The Many Voices of Rock
41 Some Current Trends

Chapter 28: Romantic Program Music

Study Plan

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"The painter turns a poem into a painting; the musician sets a picture to music.'' —ROBERT SCHUMANN

Key Points

  • Romantic composers cultivated program music—instrumental music with a literary or pictorial association—over absolute music. New programmatic genres include the program symphony (Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique) and the symphonic poem (Smetana's The Moldau).
  • French composer Hector Berlioz drew on his personal infatuation with an actress for the program of his fivemovement Symphonie fantastique, a work unified by a recurring theme (idée fixe) representing his beloved.
  • Political unrest throughout Europe stimulated the formation of schools of musical nationalism in Russia, Scandinavia, Spain, England, and Bohemia, among other locales.
  • Composers looked to the folklore, history, and geography of their homelands for musical inspiration (as in Bohemian master Bedrˇich Smetana's cycle of symphonic poems entitled My Country).

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