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Prelude Listening to Music Today
1 Melody: Musical Line
2 Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
3 Harmony: Musical Space
4 The Organization of Musical Sounds
5 Musical Texture
6 Musical Form
7 Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics
8 Voices and Musical Instrument Families
9 Western Musical Instruments
10 Musical Ensembles
11 Style and Function of Music in Society
12 The Culture of the Middle Ages
13 Medieval Music
14 The Renaissance Spirit
15 Renaissance Sacred Music
16 Renaissance Secular Music
17 The Baroque Spirit
18 Vocal Music of the Baroque
19 Orchestral Music of the Baroque
20 Baroque Keyboard Music
21 The Classical Spirit
22 The Development of Classical Forms
23 The Classical Symphony
24 The Classical Concerto and Sonata
25 Classical Opera
26 The Spirit of Romanticism
27 The Romantic Miniature
28 Romantic Program Music
29 Romantic Opera
30 The Late Romantics
31 America's Emerging Musical Voice
32 The Impressionist Era
33 Main Currents in Early-Twentieth-Century Music
34 Early-Twentieth-Century Innovators
35 Nationalism and Music
36 Ragtime, Blues, and Jazz
37 New Directions
38 Contemporary Composers Look to World Music
39 Music for the Stage and Screen
40 The Many Voices of Rock
41 Some Current Trends

Chapter 26: The Spirit of Romanticism

Study Plan

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"Music, of all the liberal arts, has the greatest influence over the passions." —NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Key Points

  • The French Revolution resulted in the rise of a middle-class, or bourgeois, society.
  • Romantic poets and artists abandoned traditional subjects, turning instead to the passionate and the fanciful; novels explored deep human conflicts and exotic settings and subjects.
  • The Industrial Revolution spurred technical advances in musical instruments and made them more affordable.
  • Educational opportunities broadened as music conservatories were established across Europe and the Americas.
  • The orchestra grew in size and sound: new, improved instruments were introduced and composers demanded new levels of expression.
  • Romantic composers explored nationalistic folklore and exotic subjects.
  • Romantic music is characterized by memorable melodies, richly expressive harmony, and broad, expanded forms.
  • The Romantic era saw the rise of the virtuoso soloist and of amateur music-making.
  • Women musicians achieved an elevated status in society as performers, teachers, composers, and music patrons.

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