Key Points
- The Classical era (1750–1825) is characterized by order, objectivity, and harmonious proportion. This is reflected in the art and architecture of the time, which was modeled on ancient Greek and Roman styles.
- The American Revolution (1775–83) and the French Revolution (1789–99) profoundly changed political systems and social order.
- The era saw significant advances in science and ideas, and the Industrial Revolution made mass production possible.
- German writers like Goethe and Schiller were among the first to express the emerging romantic view of the world.
- The masters of the Classical musical style (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert—all members of the Viennese school)—composed in large-scale musical forms (symphony, concerto, sonata).
- Classical music is characterized by a singable, lyrical melody; diatonic harmony; regular rhythms and meters; homophonic texture; and frequent use of folk elements.
- Music-making centered around the court, with composers (especially Haydn) employed under the patronage system. Women also held court positions as musicians and teachers.
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