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Prelude Listening to Music Today
1 Melody: Musical Line
2 Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
3 Harmony: Musical Space
4 The Organization of Musical Sounds
5 Musical Texture
6 Musical Form
7 Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics
8 Voices and Musical Instrument Families
9 Western Musical Instruments
10 Musical Ensembles
11 Style and Function of Music in Society
12 The Culture of the Middle Ages
13 Medieval Music
14 The Renaissance Spirit
15 Renaissance Sacred Music
16 Renaissance Secular Music
17 The Baroque Spirit
18 Vocal Music of the Baroque
19 Orchestral Music of the Baroque
20 Baroque Keyboard Music
21 The Classical Spirit
22 The Development of Classical Forms
23 The Classical Symphony
24 The Classical Concerto and Sonata
25 Classical Opera
26 The Spirit of Romanticism
27 The Romantic Miniature
28 Romantic Program Music
29 Romantic Opera
30 The Late Romantics
31 America's Emerging Musical Voice
32 The Impressionist Era
33 Main Currents in Early-Twentieth-Century Music
34 Early-Twentieth-Century Innovators
35 Nationalism and Music
36 Ragtime, Blues, and Jazz
37 New Directions
38 Contemporary Composers Look to World Music
39 Music for the Stage and Screen
40 The Many Voices of Rock
41 Some Current Trends

Chapter 21: The Classical Spirit

Study Plan

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"Music [is] the favorite passion of my soul." —THOMAS JEFFERSON

Key Points

  • The Classical era (1750–1825) is characterized by order, objectivity, and harmonious proportion. This is reflected in the art and architecture of the time, which was modeled on ancient Greek and Roman styles.
  • The American Revolution (1775–83) and the French Revolution (1789–99) profoundly changed political systems and social order.
  • The era saw significant advances in science and ideas, and the Industrial Revolution made mass production possible.
  • German writers like Goethe and Schiller were among the first to express the emerging romantic view of the world.
  • The masters of the Classical musical style (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert—all members of the Viennese school)—composed in large-scale musical forms (symphony, concerto, sonata).
  • Classical music is characterized by a singable, lyrical melody; diatonic harmony; regular rhythms and meters; homophonic texture; and frequent use of folk elements.
  • Music-making centered around the court, with composers (especially Haydn) employed under the patronage system. Women also held court positions as musicians and teachers.

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