W. W. Norton & Company | The Enjoyment of Music, 10e

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1The Elements of Music
- Prelude Listening to Music Today
- Ch. 1 Melody: Musical Line
- Ch. 2 Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time
- Ch. 3 Harmony: Musical Space
- Ch. 4 Musical Texture
- Ch. 5 Musical Form
- Ch. 6 Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics
2Musical Instruments and Ensembles
- Ch. 7 Voices and Musical Instrument Families
- Ch. 8 Western Musical Instruments
- Ch. 9 Musical Ensembles
- Ch. 10 Style and Function of Music in Society
3The Middle Ages
- Ch. 11 The Culture of the Middle Ages
- Ch. 12 Sacred Music in the Middle Ages
- Ch. 13 Secular Music in the Middle Ages
4The Renaissance
- Ch. 14 The Renaissance Spirit
- Ch. 15 Renaissance Sacred Music
- Ch. 16 Renaissance Secular Music
- Transition I From Renaissance to Baroque
5The Organization of Musical Sounds
- Ch. 17 Musical Systems
- Ch. 18 The Major-Minor System
6The Baroque and the Arts
- Ch. 19 The Baroque Spirit
- Ch. 20 Main Currents in Baroque Music
7Vocal Music of the Baroque
- Ch. 21 Baroque Opera
- Ch. 22 Barbara Strozzi and the Italian Cantata
- Ch. 23 Bach and the Sacred Cantata
- Ch. 24 Handel and the Oratorio
8Instrumental Music of the Baroque
- Ch. 25 The Baroque Sonata and Concerto
- Ch. 26 The Baroque Suite
- Ch. 27 Other Baroque Instrumental Forms
- Transition II To the Age of Enlightenment
9Expanded Elements of Form
- Ch. 28 The Development of Musical Ideas
- Ch. 29 Classical Forms
10The Classical Spirit
- Ch. 30 Classicism in the Arts
- Ch. 31 Classicism in Music
11Classical Chamber Music
- Ch. 32 Eighteenth-Century Chamber Music Style
- Ch. 33 Mozart and Chamber Music
12The Classical Symphony
- Ch. 34 The Nature of the Symphony
- Ch. 35 Haydn and the Symphony
- Ch. 36 Beethoven and the Symphony in Transition
13The Eighteenth-Century Concerto and Sonata
- Ch. 37 The Classical Concerto
- Ch. 38 The Classical Sonata
14Choral Music and Opera in the Classical Era
- Ch. 39 Sacred Choral Music
- Ch. 40 Classical Opera
- Transition III From Classicism to Romanticism
15The Romantic Movement
- Ch. 41 The Spirit of Romanticism
- Ch. 42 Romanticism in Music
16Nineteenth-Century Art Song
- Ch. 43 The Romantic Song
- Ch. 44 Schubert and the Lied
- Ch. 45 Robert Schumann and the Song Cycle
17The Nineteenth-Century Piano Piece
- Ch. 46 The Piano and Its Literature
- Ch. 47 Chopin and Piano Music
- Ch. 48 Liszt and the Rise of the Performer/Composer
- Ch. 49 Clara Schumann: Pianist and Composer
- Ch. 50 Louis Gottschalk and Piano Music in America
18Romantic Program Music
- Ch. 51 The Nature of Program Music
- Ch. 52 Berlioz and the Program Symphony
- Ch. 53 Musical Nationalism
19Absolute Forms in the Nineteenth Century
- Ch. 54 The Romantic Symphony
- Ch. 55 Brahms and the Late Romantic Symphony
- Ch. 56 Dvorak as a Symphonist
- Ch. 57 The Romantic Concerto
- Ch. 58 Felix Mendelssohn and the Concerto
- Ch. 59 Amy Beach and Classical Composition in America
20Choral and Dramatic Music in the Nineteenth Century
- Ch. 60 Romantic Choral Music
- Ch. 61 Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel and the Romantic Part Song
- Ch. 62 Romantic Opera
- Ch. 63 Verdi and Italian Opera
- Ch. 64 Wagner and the Music Drama
- Ch. 65 Exoticism in Opera
- Ch. 66 Puccini and Late Romantic Opera
- Ch. 67 Tchaikovsky and the Ballet
21The Impressionist and Post-Impressionist Eras
- Transition IV The Post-Romantic Era
- Ch. 68 Debussy and Impressionism
- Ch. 69 Ravel and Post-Impressionism
22The Early Twentieth Century
- Ch. 70 Main Currents in Early-Twentieth-Century Music
- Ch. 71 New Elements of Musical Style
- Ch. 72 Stravinsky and the Revitalization of Rhythm
- Ch. 73 Schoenberg and the Second Viennese School
- Ch. 74 Berg and Early-Twentieth-Century Opera
- Ch. 75 Webern and Serial Technique
23Twentieth-Century Nationalism
- Ch. 76 Bela Bartok and the European Tradition
- Ch. 77 American Traditions: The Music of Charles Ives and William Grant Still
- Ch. 78 Nationalism in the Americas: Aaron Copland and Silvestre Revueltas
24Popular Styles
- Ch. 79 Ragtime, Blues, and Early Jazz
- Ch. 80 The Swing Era and Beyond
- Ch. 81 Musical Theater
- Ch. 82 Rock and the Global Scene
25The New Music
- Ch. 83 New Directions
- Ch. 84 The New Virtuosity of the Modern Age
- Ch. 85 Contemporary Composers Look to World Music
- Ch. 86 Music for Films
- Ch. 87 Technology and Music
- Ch. 88 Some Current Trends

Chapter 80: The Swing Era and Beyond

Study Plan

"What's swinging in words? If a guy makes you pat your foot and if you feel it down your back, you don't have to ask anybody if that's good music or not. You can always feel it." —MILES DAVIS

Key Points

The 1930s saw the advent of the swing era (or big band era) and the brilliantly composed jazz of Duke Ellington.
In the late 1940s, big band jazz gave way to smaller group styles, including bebop, cool jazz, and West Coast jazz.
Charlie Parker (alto saxophone) and Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet) led the bebop movement, and Miles Davis (trumpet) established the lyrical cool jazz style.
Third stream jazz, developed in the 1950s, combines elements of art music (instruments, forms, and tonal devices) and jazz to produce a new style.
Recent trends include fusion, Neoclassical style, free jazz, and new-age jazz. Interactive technology (including MIDI) has been influential in modern jazz performance as well.
Many art and popular music composers have been influenced by ragtime, blues, and jazz, including Stravinsky, Ravel, Copland, and George Gershwin.
Known for his Tin Pan Alley songs and musical theater productions, Gershwin also sought to unite jazz and classical music in his instrumental works, including Rhapsody in Blue and his Three Piano Preludes.

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