Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 2 e.
Glossary
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Glossary Terms for letter: U
Ulama An Arabic word that means "learned ones" or "scholars"; used for those who devoted themselves to knowledge of Islamic sciences.
Umayyads A family who founded the first dynasty in Islam. They established family rule and dynastic succession to the role of caliph. The first Umayyad caliph established Damascus as his capital and was named Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan.
Umma The Arabic word for "community"; used to refer to the "Islamic politu" or "Islamic community."
Universitas Beginning at the end of the twelfth century, this term denoted scholars who came together, first in Paris. They formed a universitas, a term borrowed from the merchant communities, where it denoted the equivalent of the modern "union."
Untouchables Caste in the Indian system whose jobs, usually in the more unsanitary aspects of urban life, rendered them "ritually and spiritually" impure.
Upanishads Collected in the first half of the first millennium BCE, this Vedic wisdom literature took the form of dialogues between disciples and a sage.
Urban-rural divide One of history's most durable worldwide distinctions, the division between those living in cities and those living in rural areas eventually encompassed the globe. In areas where cities arose, communities adopted lifestyles based on the mass production of goods and on specialized labor. Those living in the countryside remained close to nature, cultivating the land or tending livestock. They diversified their labor and exchanged their grains and animal products for necessities available in urban centers.
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