Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 2 e.
Glossary
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Glossary Terms for letter: L
Language A system of communication reflecting cognitive abilities. Natural language is generally defined as words arranged in particular sequences to convey meaning and is unique to modern humans.
Language families Related tongues with a common ancestral origin; language families contain languages that diverged from one another but share grammatical features and root vocabularies. More than a hundred language families exist.
Laozi Also known as Master Lao; perhaps a contemporary of Confucius and the person after whom Daoism is named. His thought was elaborated upon by generations of thinkers.
Latifundia Broad estates that produced goods for big urban markets, including wheat, grapes, olives, cattle, and sheep.
Law Book of Manu Part of the handiwork of Brahman priests, this was a representative code of law that incorporated social sanctions and practices.
Legalism Also called Statism, a system of thought about how to live an ordered life. It was developed by Master Xun, or Xunzi (310237 BCE). It is based on the principle that people, being inherently inclined toward evil, require authoritarian control to regulate their behavior.
Liangzh Spanning centuries from the fourth to the third millennium BCE, the Liangzhu represented the last new Stone Age culture in the Yangzi River delta. The culture, one of the Ten Thousand States, was highly stratified and is known for its jade objects.
Linear A and B On the island of Crete and on the mainland areas of Greece, documents of the palace-centered societies were written on clay tablets in two scripts that were linear. These were first discovered on Crete in 1900. Linear A script, apparently written in Minoan, has not yet been deciphered. Linear B was first deciphered in the early 1950s. "Little Europes" Between 1100 and 1200 CE, these were urban landscapes comprised of castles, churches, and towns in what are today Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the Baltic States.
Liu Bang Reigned from 206 to 195 BCE; after declaring himself the prince of his home area of Han, in 202 BCE, Liu declared himself the first Han emperor.
Llamas Similar in utility and function to camels in Afro-Eurasia, llamas could carry heavy loads for long distances.
Longshan peoples The Longshan peoples lived in small agricultural and riverine villages in East Asia at the end of the third millennium BCE. They set the stage for the Shang in terms of a centralized state, urban life, and a cohesive culture.
Lucy In 1974, an archaeological team working at a site in present-day Hadar, Ethiopia, unearthed a relatively intact skeleton of a young adult female australopithecine in the valley of the Awash River. The researchers nicknamed the skeleton Lucy. She stood just over three feet tall and walked upright at least some of the time. Her skull contained a brain within the ape size range. Also, her jaw and teeth were humanlike. Lucy's skeleton was relatively complete and was the oldest hominid skeleton ever discovered.
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