Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 2 e.
Glossary
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Glossary Terms for letter: H
Hagia Sophia An enormous and impressive church sponsored by Justinian and built starting in 532 CE. At the time, it was the largest church in the world.
Hammurapi and his code Hammurapi, the most famous of the Mesopotamian rulers, reigned from 1792 to 1750 BCE. He sought to create social order by centralizing state authority and creating a new legal code, a grand legal structure that embodied paternal justice. The code was quite stratified, dividing society into three classes: free men, dependent men, and slaves, each with distinct rights and responsibilities.
Han agrarian ideal A guiding principle for the free peasantry that made up the base of Han society, this was a system in which peasants were honored for their labors, while merchants were subjected to a range of controls, including regulations on luxury consumption, and were belittled for not engaging in physical labor.
Han Chinese Inhabitants of China proper who considered others to be outsiders. They felt that they were the only authentic Chinese.
Han Fei A Chinese state minister who lived from 280 to 223 BCE; he was a proponent and follower of Xunzi.
Han military Like its Roman counterpart, the Han military was a ruthless military machine that expanded the empire and created stable conditions that permitted the safe transit of goods by caravans. Emperor Wu heavily influenced the transformation of the military forces and reinstituted a policy that made military service compulsory.
Hangzhou This city and former provincial seaport became the political center of the Chinese people in their ongoing struggles with northern steppe nomads. It was also one of China's gateways to the rest of the world by way of the South China Sea.
Hannibal A great Roman general from Carthage whose campaigns in the third century BCE swept from Spain toward the Italian peninsula. He crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps mountain ranges with war elephants. He was unable, however, to defeat the Romans in 217 BCE.
Harappa One of two cities that, by 2500 BCE, began to take the place of villages throughout the Indus River valley. The other was Mohenjo Daro. Each covered an area of about 250 acres and probably housed 35,000 residents.
Harem Secluded women's quarters in Muslim households.
Harnesses Tools made from wood, bone, bronze, and iron for steering and controlling chariot horses. Harnesses discovered by archaeologists reveal the evolution of headgear from simple mouth bits to full bridles with headpiece, mouthpiece, and reins.
Hatshepsut Known as Ancient Egypt's most powerful woman ruler, Hatshepsut served as regent for her young son, Thutmosis III, whose reign began in 1479 BCE. She remained co-regent until her death.
Hegira The "emigration" of Muhammad and his followers out of a hostile Mecca to Yathrib, a city that was later called Medina. The year in which this journey took place, 622 CE, is also year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
Heian period The period from 794 to 1185, during which began the pattern of regents ruling Japan in the name of the sacred emperor.
Hellenism The process by which the individuality of the cultures of the earlier Greek city-states gave way to a uniform culture that stressed the common identity of all who embraced Greek ways. This culture emphasized the common denominators of language, style, and politics to which anyone, anywhere in the Afro-Eurasian world, could have access.
Hieroglyphs One of two basic forms of Egyptian writing that were used in conjunction throughout antiquity. Hieroglyphs are pictorial symbols; the term derives from a Greek word meaning "sacred carving"—they were employed exclusively in temple, royal, and divine contexts. See also Demotic writing.
Hinayana Buddhism A form of Buddhism that accepted the divinity of Buddha himself but not of demigods, or bodhisattvas.
Hittites One of the five great territorial states. The Hittites campaigned throughout Anatolia, then went east to northern Syria, though they eventually faced weaknesses in their own homeland. Their heyday was marked by the reign of the king Supiliulimua (1380 to 1345 BCE), who preserved the Hittites' influence on the balance of power in the region between Mesopotamia and the Nile.
Hominids Humanlike beings who walked erect and preceded modern humans.
Homo A word used by scientists to differentiate between pre-human and "true human" species.
Homo erectus A species that emerged about 1.5 million years ago and had a large brain and walked truly upright. Homo erectus means "Standing man."
Homo habilis The scientific term for "Skillful man." Toolmaking ability truly made Homo habilis the forerunners, though very distant, of modern humans.
Homo sapiens The first humans; they emerged in a small region of Africa about 200,000 years ago and migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago.
Homogeneity Uniformity of the languages, customs, and religion of a particular people or place. It can also be demonstrated by a consistent calendar, set of laws, administrative practices, and rituals.
Horses By the second millennium BCE, full-scale nomadic communities dominated the steppe lands in western Afro-Eurasia. Horse-riding nomads moved their large herds across immense tracts of land within zones defined by rivers, mountains, and other natural geographical features. In the arid zones of central Eurasia, the nomadic economies made horses a crucial component of survival.
Hyksos A western Semitic-speaking people whose name means "Rulers of Foreign Lands"; they overthrew the unstable Thirteenth Dynasty in Egypt around 1640 BCE. The Hyksos had mastered the art of horse chariots, and with those chariots and their superior bronze axes and composite bows (made of wood, horn, and sinew), they were able to defeat the pharaoh's foot soldiers.
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