Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 2 e.
Glossary
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Glossary Terms for letter: C
Cahokia A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.
Caliphs The spiritual and political leaders of the Islamic community.
Caravan cities A set of networks at longdistance trade locations where groups of merchants could assemble during their journeys. Several of these developed into fullfledged cities, especially in the deserts of Arabia.
Carthage A city in what is modern-day Tunisia; emblematic of the trading aspirations and activities of merchants in the Mediterranean. Pottery and other archaeological remains demonstrate that trading contacts with Carthage were as far-flung as Italy, Greece, France, Iberia, and West Africa.
Çatal Hüyük A site in Anatolia discovered in 1958. It was a dense honeycomb of settlements filled with rooms whose walls were covered with paintings of wild bulls, hunters, and pregnant women. Çatal Hüyük symbolizes an early transition into urban dwelling and dates to the eighth millennium BCE.
Cathedra A bishop's seat, or throne, in a church.
Cato the Elder Often seen as emblematic of the transition from a Greek to a Roman world, Cato the Elder wrote a manual for the new economy of slave plantation agriculture, invested in shipping and trading, learned Greek rhetoric, and added the genre of history to Latin literature. He lived from 234 to 149 BCE.
Cave drawings Images on cave walls. The subjects are most often large game, although a few are images of humans. Other elements are impressions made by hands dipped in paint and pressed on a wall or abstract symbols and shapes.
Chan Chan Between 850 and 900, the Moche people founded the city of Chan Chan in what is now modern-day Peru, with a core population of 30,000 inhabitants.
Chandra Gupta II In South Asia, this king, who reigned from 320 to 335 CE, shared his name with Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire.
Chandravamsha One of two main lineages (the lunar one) of Vedic society, each wth its own creation myth, ancestors, language, and rituals. Each lineage included many clans. See Suryavamsha.
Chariots Horse-driven carriages brought by the pastoral nomadic warriors from the steppes that became the favored mode of transportation for an urban aristocratic warrior class and for other men of power in agriculture-based societies. Control of chariot forces was the foundation of the new balance of power across Afro-Eurasia during the second millennium BCE.
Charlemagne Emperor of the West and heir to Rome from 764 to 814 CE.
Chattel slavery Form of slavery that sold people as property, the rise of which coincided with the expansion of city-states. Chattel slavery was eschewed by the Spartans, who also rejected the innovation of coin money.
Chavín A people who lived in what is now northern Peru in the period from 1400 to 200 BCE. They were united more by culture and faith than by a unified political system.
Chimu Empire South America's first empire, it developed during the first century of the second millennium in the Moche Valley on the Pacific Ocean.
China's Sorrow Name for the Yellow River, which, when it changed course or flooded, could cause mass death and waves of migration.
City-states Small self-governing polities across the Mediterranean; they integrated an otherwise geographically dispersed region. The Greek city-states produced generations of thinkers and philosophers who influenced Western politics and philosophy.
Civil service examination system The world's first written civil service examination system instituted by the Tang. These exams helped to unite the Chinese state by making knowledge of a specific language and Confucian classics the only route to power.
Clovis people Early humans in America who used basic chipped blades and pointed spears in pursuing prey. They extended the hunting traditions they had learned in Afro-Eurasia, such as establishing campsites and moving with their herds. They were known as "Clovis people" because the arrowhead point that they used was first found by archaeologists at a site near Clovis, New Mexico.
Codex An early form of book, with separate pages bound together; it replaced the scroll as the main medium for written texts. The codex emerged around 300 CE.
Coins This form of money replaced goods, which previously had been bartered for services and other products. Originally used mainly to hire mercenary soldiers, coins became the commonplace method of payment linking buyers and producers throughout the Mediterranean.
Colosseum A huge amphitheater completed by Titus and dedicated in 80 CE. Originally begun by Flavian, the structure is named after a colossal statue of Nero that formerly stood beside it.
Confucian ideals By 50 BCE, the Han dynasty had made the Confucian ideals of honoring tradition, emphasizing the responsibility of the emperor, and respect for the lessons of history the official doctrine of the empire.
Confucius Influential teacher, thinker, and leader in China from 551 to 479 BCE.
Cong tubes A ritual object crafted by the Liangzhu. A cong tube was made of jade and was used in divination practices.
Constantine Roman emperor who converted to Christianity in 312 CE. In 313, he issued a proclamation that gave Christians new freedoms in the empire. He also founded Constantinople (at first called "New Rome").
Constantinople Capital city, formerly known as Byzantium, which was founded as the New Rome by Constantine the Great.
Coptic A form of Christianity practiced in Egypt. It was doctrinally different from Christianity elsewhere, and Coptic Christians had their own views of Christology, or the nature of Christ.
Council of Nicaea A church council convened in 325 CE by Constantine and presided over by him as well. At this council, a Christian creed was articulated and made into a formula that expressed the philosophical and technical elements of Christian belief.
Creed A formal statement of faith or expression of a belief system. A Christian "creed" or "credo" was formulated by the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE.
Crossbow Innovative weapon used at the end of the Warring States period that allowed archers to shoot their enemies with accuracy, even from a distance.
Crusades In the late eleventh century, western Europeans launched the wave of attacks called the Crusades. The First Crusade began in 1095, when Pope Urban II appealed to the warrior nobility of France to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Four subsequent Crusades were fought over the next two centuries.
Cultigen An organism that has diverged from its ancestors through domestication or cultivation.
Cuneiform As people combined rebus symbols with other visual marks that contained meaning, they became able to record and transmit messages over long distances by using abstract symbols or signs to denote concepts; such signs later came to represent syllables, which could be joined into words. By impressing these signs into wet clay with the cut end of a reed, scribes engaged in a form of wedge-shaped writing that we call cuneiform.
Cyrus the Great Founder of the Persian Empire, this sixth-century ruler (559–529 BCE), conquered the Medes and unified the Iranian kingdoms.
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