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1 Becoming Human
2 Rivers, Cities and the Rise of Complex Societies, c. 4000-2000 BCE
3 Nomads, Territorial States, and Micro-Societies, 2000-1200 BCE
4 First Empires and Common Cultures, 1200–350 bce
5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 bce
6 Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce
7 Han China and The Roman Empire, 300 BCE –300CE
8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 CE
9 New Empires, and Common Cultures, 600-900 CE
10 The World Becomes “The World,” 1000-1300 CE
11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300-1500
12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450-1600
13 Worlds Entangled, 1600-1750
14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1600-1780
15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850
16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century
17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914
18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914
19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910-1930
20 The Three-World Order, 1940–1975
21 Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: Globalization 1975-1999
22 Epilogue, 2000–2007

Chapter 8: The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 CE

Research Topics

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Between 300 and 600 CE, nomadic pastoral migrations, the universalization of religions, and increased interregional communication all contributed to encounters between diverse and previously disconnected groups. The following documents all record the observations of individuals who traveled outside their culture zone and observed unfamiliar groups of people. As you examine the documents, answer the following questions. From which cultural zone is the narrator from, and to where did he/she travel? What was the purpose of their visit? How did they describe the people and lands they encountered? Did they admire their way of life or were they prejudiced against them? How do you think these authors influenced attitudes among their native cultures toward the people they observed?

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