StudySpace: Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 2 e.

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1. Universal Religions and Common Cultures
1. Increase in religious ferment throughout Afro-Eurasia
1. West: Christianity
2. India: Vedic evolved into Hinduism
3. Northern India, Asia, China: Buddhism
2. Politics shaped religion, and religion shaped politics
1. Afro-Eurasian spirituality shaped imperial frameworks
2. Western Europe and Christianity
3. Eastern Roman imperium, Byzantium, and Christianity
4. India, Hinduism, and Buddhism
5. Central Asia, China, and Buddhism
3. Universal religion not essential for creating empires of the mind
1. African Bantu peoples
2. Central American Mayans
4. Religion influenced society and culture in other ways
1. Issues of truth, loyalty, and solidarity
2. Answers about human nature
1. Why they lived in society
2. Why they married and had children
3. Whom they should obey (an invisible person) and to what extent
4. What martyrs thought worth dying for
5. Helped distinguish between right and wrong
3. Freed cultures of older heritages
4. Led to new identities shaped by a shared faith
5. Could drive nations apart through intolerance of others' beliefs
5. Religious beliefs could travel anywhere
1. Religious leaders traveled widely
1. Books, scrolls, tablets
2. Discussed their own beliefs
2. Universal religions were on the move
1. Travels of Xuanzang
1. Buddhist scripture from India to Chang'an
2. Empires and Religious Change in Western Asia
1. The Rise of Christianity
1. Martyrs
1. Vibia Perpetua
2. Women had important role
2. Religious Debate and Christian Universalism
1. Constantine moves Rome to Christian faith
2. Rabbinical reform of Judaism
3. Discussion over obedience to God
1. Christian Codex
3. The Conversion of Constantine
1. Background of Constantine
1. Proclaimed emperor in 306 C.E.
2. Labarum symbol
2. Proclamation for designating bishops tax exempt
3. Other religions suffered
1. Christians labeled non-Christians pagani (pagans)
4. Christianity in the Cities
1. Basilicas
1. Cathedra, bishop's throne
2. Heaven on earth
2. Relief to the poor
3. Judges
5. The Christian Empire
1. Spread through new languages
1. Coptic
2. Syriac
2. Council of Nicaea
1. Nicaean Creed
2. Easter
3. Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine
6. The Fall of Rome: A Takeover from the Margins
7. Who Were the Barbarians?
1. Status determined by ability to fight
2. Surplus warriors
1. Visigoths migration
3. Goths in Gaul
8. Continuity in Change
1. Roman influence remained
2. Fear of the Huns
3. Attila's Empire in Eastern and Central Europe
4. King Alaric II's law code
5. Post-empire Rome like post-Han China
6. The Roman Catholic church
9. Byzantium, Rome in the East: The Rise of Constantinople
1. Constantine's "New Rome"
2. Justinian
1. Reformed Roman Laws
1. Digest
2. Institutes
2. Reconquers Italy
3. Hagia Sophia
10. Sasanian Persia
1. Bubonic Plague
11. Kings of Kings of Eran and An-Iran
1. Royal dynasty ruled Iran and non-Iranians
2. Captial of Ctesiphon (near modern Baghdad)
1. Great Arch of Kesr/Kisra
3. Khusro Anochirwan
1. Sack of Rome's Antioch
4. Persia and Roman War
5. Tolerant of Jews and Christians
1. Christian missionaries
6. Crossroads of Central Asian, Indian, and Greek culture
7. Persian armored cavalry
12. An Empire at the Crossroads
1. Religious tolerance felt under Sasanian rule
2. Jews compile Babylonian Talmud
3. Nestorian Christians
4. Blend of Greek, Central Asian, and Indian culture
5. Christian Ethiopia and Axum
6. War in Africa supported by Persia and Rome
7. Arabian Peninsula becomes battleground for empires and religious differenc
13. The Silk Road
1. Sogdian people maintained Silk Route
2. Connect eastern Roman interests with Asia
3. Provide way for universalistic religious movements to flow
4. Central Asia hub of cross-cultural contact
14. Between Iran and China: The Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Road
1. Sogdians mediators of culture and commerce
1. Religion
2. Language
3. Goods
4. Architecture
15. Buddhism on the Silk Road
1. Buddhism spread to China through traveling monks
2. Buddhist cave monasteries at Dunhuang
3. Large, carved Buddhas
1. Bamiyan
2. Yungang
16. Political and Religious Change in South Asia
1. Gupta Dynasty
1. United northern India
2. Supported poets and playwrights
2. The Transformation of the Buddha
1. The Mahayana (Greater Vehicle)
2. Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)
3. Buddha becomes a god
17. The Hindu Revival (Transformation)
1. Vedic revival leads to Hinduism
2. Believers become vegetarians
3. Absorbed Buddhist and Jain practices
4. Three major deities
1. Brahma
2. Vishnu
3. Siva
5. Eternal self-atma
6. Monotheism
7. Personal devotion called bhakti
8. A Code of conduct instead of an empire
9. Hinduism established "correct" social order
1. Code of Manu
1. Marriage
2. Profession
3. Dietary rules
4. Way to cope with changing society
10. Hinduism spread to areas away from state control
11. Religious belief helped create a shared "Indic" culture
3. Political and Religious Change in East Asia
1. Downsizing: Northern and Southern China
1. Three kingdoms created following the fall of the Han
1. Shu
2. Wu
3. Wei
2. Six Dynasties Period-Time of Civil War
3. Wei Dynasty
1. Kept Chinese imperial standards
2. Adapted army to urban-based military technology
3. Built public works with corvée labor as did the Han
4. Tried to make government more "Chinese"
1. Dowager Empress Fang's land reforms
2. Buddhism in China
1. Kumaraji, Buddhist scholar and missionary
1. Translated Buddhist texts into Chinese
2. Clarified Buddhist terms and philosophy
3. Established Madhyamika Buddhism
1. Provided legitimacy for northern states
2. Took on different forms in different regions
3. Daoism, Alchemy, and the Mutation of Self
1. Two new Daosit traditions
1. External alchemy
2. Internal alchemy
4. Faith and Cultures in the Worlds Apart
1. Bantus of Sub-Saharan Africa
1. Bantu language unifies people through sub-Saharan Africa
2. Bantu History
1. Migrated east and west
2. Absorbed other hunting and gathering populations
3. Settled agriculturalists
1. Banana crops
4. Organized into small-scale societies
1. Based on age
3. Bantu vision of the world
1. Intense relationship to the world of nature
2. Ancestral spirits
3. Diviners and charms
2. Mesoamericans
1. Teotihuacán
1. City-state
2. Warfare helped control hinterlands
3. City's political influence limited beyond local area
4. Culturally and economically influential throughout Mesoamerica
5. Influence waned by fifth century
6. City burned by invaders
2. The Mayans
1. No great metropolis but thousands of villages
2. Shared language
3. Connected by trade
4. Kingdoms revolved around hubs and hinterlands
1. City-state
2. Large cities
5. Highly stratified, with an elaborate class structure
6. Subsistence farmers
7. Shared culture
8. Early writing
9. Skilled in mathematics
10. Excelled at building
11. Blood sacrifice
12. Warfare between kingdoms
5. Conclusion
1. Fall of Mediterranean Rome and Han China led to era when religion and common culture provided the means for holding together large parts of Afro-Eurasia
2. Christianity adopted by Rome coalesced with the building of Constantinople
3. Weakening of Han allow Buddhism to spread into China
4. Weak central state in India leads to reform of Vedic into Hinduism
5. Sub-Saharan Africa and Mesoamerica did not experience the spread of universalizing religions
6. 300-600 C.E. saw the emergence of three great cultural unites defined in religious terms
1. Christianity
2. Brahmanism/Hinduism
3. Buddhism

 

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