StudySpace: Western Civilizations, 16 e.

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1. Introduction
1. A period of profound change
2. Religion
1. Emergence of the papacy as the dominant organizational force
2. New monastic and religious orders
3. Increased persecution of minority groups
3. Revival of intellectual and cultural life
1. The Renaissance of the 12th century
2. A new reading public
3. Education
2. The Reform of the Church
1. "Privatization" of parishes and monasteries
2. Incompetent popes and bishops
3. Monastic reform, 900-1050
1. Cluny (c.910)
1. A Benedictine house
2. Placed under the protection of the papacy
3. Reformed "daughter" monasteries
4. A network of dependent Cluniac houses across Europe (67 by 1049)
5. High spiritual standards and ordered liturgical life
6. Cluniac influence strongest in France and Italy
2. Other reforms
3. German and English kings urge monastic reforms
4. Guaranteed monasteries' freedom from interference
5. Kings appointed bishops and abbots
6. Monasticism as dominant spiritual model -- mirrored the perfect harmony of heaven
1. Monks as "angelic men"
2. Monasteries housed the relics of the saints
3. Attracted the laity -- pilgrimages
4. The papal reform movement
1. Bishops rebuild and expand cathedral churches following the Cluniac example
2. Cluniacs lobby for the reform of the entire church
3. The attack upon simony (buying and selling of offices)
4. German Emperor Henry III deposed three nobles who claimed to be pope (1046)
1. Appoints Leo IX as pope
2. Promulgates decrees against simony, clerical marriage and immorality
3. Traveled through France, Italy, Germany and Hungary disciplining clerics
4. A new vision of the church as a hierarchical organization
5. Reform popes were most successful when they had the support of secular rulers
6. Pope Nicholas II issues decree on papal elections
1. Right to select a pope rests with the College of Cardinals
2. Opened a breach between the reform party in Rome and the German court
5. The Investiture Conflict
1. Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) supported by a Roman mob
1. Well-known reformer
2. His election violated the 1059 Electoral Decree
2. Henry IV (German emperor) treats Gregory with deference
3. For Gregory, pope and emperor are two eyes of a single, Christian body
4. The major question -- "lay investiture"
5. Gregory's reforms
1. Ending simony and clerical marriage
2. Ensuring free elections to all church offices
3. Prohibited clerics from accepting offices from a laymen
6. Henry refuses to submit to Gregory
1. Traditional rights of the king
2. Invests new archbishop in Milan
7. Henry renounces obedience to Gregory
8. Gregory excommunicates Henry
1. Declares Henry no longer king of Germany
2. Henry forced make a humiliating public submission to Gregory at Canossa (1077)
9. The issue at stake
1. Who was the supreme ruler. pope or emperor?
2. The necessity of spiritual and temporal powers
10. Consequences
1. Lasting distinction between religion and politics
2. Church and religions authority -- state and political authority
3. In essence, not a church-state conflict -- by 1122, that is what it became
4. Concordat of Worms
1. Resolved the papal-imperial conflict
2. Established the hierarchical order headed by the pope
6. The consolidation of the papal monarchy
1. Investiture Conflict as papal victory
1. Strengthened papacy's claim to jurisdictional supremacy over the clergy
2. Resulted in greater popular interest in religious matters
2. Growth of Church government apparatus
3. Development of church or canon law
1. Gratian (fl. 12th century)
1. the Decretum or The Concord of Discordant Canons
2. Cases in canon law courts increased
3. The importance of legal expertise
7. The reign of Innocent III (1198-1216)
1. Elected pope at thirty-seven
2. Studied theology and canon law
3. Goal was to unify Christendom under papal hegemony
1. Never questioned the right of the king to rule in the secular sphere
2. He would discipline king's whenever they sinned
4. Founded the Papal States
5. Engineered the triumph of Frederick II
6. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
8. Popes of the thirteenth century
1. Popes after Innocent began to appear more like ordinary, acquisitive rulers
2. Conflicts with Frederick
3. Popes enhanced power of Church government
1. Asserted the right to name candidates for ecclesiastical positions
2. Controlled curriculum at the University of Paris
3. Political misuse of the institution of the Crusade (against Frederick)
4. Loss of spiritual prestige
9. Decline of the papal monarchy
1. Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
1. The growth of national monarchies
2. Disputes with English and French kings
1. Clerical taxation
2. .Papacy moves from Rome to Avignon (1316-1377)
2. Balance of power shifted toward the state and away from the church
1. Pious Christians look to the state for campaigns of moral and spiritual improvement
3. The Outburst of Religious Vitality
1. European religious revival
2. Cistercians and Carthusians
1. Founding of new orders
2. Cistercians
1. followed the Benedictine Rule in a most austere manner
2. Founded new monasteries away from civilization
3. Shunned unnecessary church decoration
4. Abandoned Cluniac stress on an elaborate liturgy
5. Contemplation, prayer, manual labor
3. Changing nature of religious belief and devotion
1. Shift away from the cult of saints
2. Emphasis on worship of Jesus and veneration of the Virgin Mary
3. Veneration of relics replaced by concentration on the Eucharist
1. Transubstantiation
2. The host elevated for all to see
3. The identification with Christ
3. The cult of the Virgin Mary
1. Patron saint of the Cistercians
2. Notre Dame ("Our Lady") cathedrals -- Paris, Chartres, Rheims and elsewhere
3. Mary as intercessor with Jesus for human salvation
4. Placed a woman an honored place in the Christian religion
4. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
1. Religious visions, inspired by God
2. Wrote Latin prose
3. Composed religious songs
5. The challenge of popular heresy
1. Difficult to control lay enthusiasm
2. Had the church lost its idealistic goals?
3. The "miraculous" powers of the priest
4. The Cathars (Albigensians)
1. Strongest in northern Italy and southern France
2. Believed all matter was evil
3. Holiness required extreme asceticism
4. Dualistic religion
5. Role of noblewomen in the spread of Catharism
5. The Waldensians
1. Originated by Peter Waldo at Lyons
2. Imitating the life of Christ and the Apostles
3. Translated an studied the Gospels
4. Dedicated themselves to poverty and preaching
5. An alternative church?
6. Innocent's reaction
1. Crushing disobedience
2. Supporting idealistic religious groups
3. A crusade against the Albigensians
4. The Inquisition (torture first used in 1252)
7. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
1. Sacraments administered by the Church would secure God's grace
2. Emphasis on the Eucharist and penance
3. Transubstantiation formally defined
6. Franciscans and Dominicans
1. Imitated the life of Jesus while wandering the European countryside in small groups
2. The Dominicans
1. Founded by St. Dominic (1170-1221)
2. Approved by Innocent (1216)
3. Dedicated to fighting heresy
4. The conversion of Jews and Muslims
5. Preaching and public debate -- intellectually oriented
6. Heretics best controlled by legal procedure
3. The Franciscans
1. Founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)
1. Gave away all his property
2. Committed to an "emotional" religion
3. Imitating the life of Christ
4. Indifference toward doctrine, form or ceremony
5. Revered the Eucharist
2. Granted approval by Innocent (1209)
3. Spread of the movement
4. Specialized in revivalistic outdoor preaching
4. Consequences
1. Combated heresy
2. Helped preach papal crusades
3. Active missionary work
4. Power by example
5. Not completely successful in converting the heretic
7. Jews and Christians
1. Church did little to condemn or contain antisemitism
2. Popular Christian attitudes
1. Jews were the agents of Satan
2. The crucifixion of Christian children
3. Thirteenth century kings begin expelling Jews from their kingdoms
4. The Medieval Intellectual Revival
1. The growth of schools
1. Antecedents -- Charlemagne reorganizes cathedral and monastic schools
2. 12th century monasteries abandon practice of educating outsiders
3. Cathedral schools -- main centers of European education
4. Broadening of the curriculum (12th century)
5. Growing demand for trained officials
1. Knowledge of Latin grammar required
2. Classical Roman authors
3. Philosophy
6. New schools
1. Education for those not intended to join the clergy
2. Children of the upper classes
3. Future, notaries, merchants, or estate officials
4. Schools became independent of ecclesiastical control
5. Non-religious lines of inquiry
2. The rise of universities
1. Originally offered instruction beyond the cathedral school -- advanced liberal arts
2. Advanced liberal arts and law, medicine, and theology
3. First university at Bologna -- known for legal studies
4. University of Paris -- known for theological and philosophical studies
1. Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
2. Attracted students from across Europe
5. "University" originally meant a corporation or guild of students or teachers
6. University gradually came to mean an educational institution with a school of liberal arts
7. 13th century schools: Oxford, Cambridge, Montpellier, Salamanca, and Naples
8. Universities as student corporations
1. Bologna
2. Students hired and paid teachers
9. Universities as teacher corporation
1. Paris
1. Arts, theology, law, and medicine
10. Modern degree system -- B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
1. Emphasis on abstract analysis and disputation
11. Student life
1. Town and gown
2. Study was intense
3. The value of authority
4. Rote memorization
5. Public disputation
3. The recovery of classical learning
1. Greek and Arabic works given Latin translations
2. Burst of translating activity centered in Spain and Italy
3. Rediscovery of Aristotle, Euclid, Galen and Ptolemy
4. Building on past speculative thought
1. Natural science
2. Robert Grosseteste (c.1168-1253)
1. Translated all of Aristotle's Ethics
2. Theoretical advances in mathematics, astronomy, and optics
3. Roger Bacon (c.1214-1294)
1. Further studies on optics
4. Knowledge of nature more certain when based on sensory evidence
4. Scholasticism
1. A new world view: highly systematic and respectful of authority
2. The theory and practice of reconciling classical philosophy with Christian faith
3. Peter Abelard (1079-1143)
1. Taught at Paris
2. The first intellectual?
3. Adept at logic
4. The seduction of Heloise (1118)
5. The Story of My Calamities
6. Sic et Non (Yes and No)
1. Gathered 150 statements from the Church Fathers
2. Using careful study to arrive at truth
3. Abelard's method -- Socratic questioning
4. Treated theology as a science, applying to it the laws of logic
5. The harmony of reason and faith
5. The triumph of Scholasticism
1. Peter Lombard (c.1100-1164)
1. Book of Sentences
2. Raised theological questions in consequential order
3. Answered from both sides of the question
2. The Scholastic method
3. Aristotle as "The Philosopher"
6. The writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
1. Leading theologian at Paris
2. Early Dominican education
3. Faith could be defended by reason
4. Nature complements grace
5. Harmonized Greek philosophy with Christian theology
6. Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica
7. There are mysteries of faith that cannot be explained by reason
7. The pinnacle of western medieval thought
1. The receptivity to new ideas
2. The authority of a text was not the sole judge in arguments
3. Exalting the dignity of human nature as a divine creation
5. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music
1. The Goliards
1. Wandering scholars
2. Parodied the liturgy
3. Rejection of Christian asceticism
2. Vernacular literature
1. Song of Roland (French)
2. Song of the Nibelungs (German)
3. Poem of the Cid (Spanish)
3. Troubadours poetry and courtly romances
1. Sophisticated style
2. Theme of courtly love
3. Romances
1. Long, narrative poems
2. Written in the vernacular, Romance languages
3. Chrétian de Troyes -- wrote Arthurian romances
4. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival
5. Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan
4. The fabliaux or verse fable
1. Derived from Aesop
2. Significant reflection of growing worldliness
4. The Divine Comedy
1. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
1. Native of Florence
2. Mastered religious, philosophical and literary knowledge of his time
3. Familiar with the Bible, the Church Fathers, Virgil, Cicero and Boethius
4. Expelled from Florence (1301)
2. The Divine Comedy
1. Narrative in Italian rhyming verse
2. b Poet's journey through hell, purgatory and heaven
3. Virgil as the poet's guide
4. Beatrice
5. Stressed the priority of salvation
6. Humans have free will
5. Art and Architecture
1. The Romanesque
1. Origins in 10th century
2. Manifesting the majesty of God in stone
3. Subordinated all architectural details to a uniform system
4. Stability and permanence
2. The Gothic
1. Appeared in 12th and 13th centuries
2. Intricate building style
3. Pointed arch, groined and ribbed vaults, flying buttress
4. Lighter and loftier construction
5. Exterior ornamentation
6. Stained-glass windows
7. An "encyclopedia of medieval knowledge carved in stone"
6. Drama and Music
1. Short religious plays held in church in Latin
2. Supplanted by plays in the vernacular
3. Outdoor performances (after 1200)
4. Medieval polyphony (playing two or more harmonious melodies together)
6. Conclusion
1. The "renaissance of the 12th century"
2. Recovery and intensive study of classical texts
3. New ideas, new attitudes

 

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