StudySpace: Western Civilizations, 16 e.

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1. Introduction
1. An age of globalization
2. Definitions and characteristics
1. The Internet as stunning transformation of global communications and "knowledge"
2. A "cult" concept
3. New possibilities and new vulnerabilities
4. Integration
1. New political, social, economic and cultural global networks
2. New technologies, new economic imperatives, changing laws
3. Information crosses national boundaries
5. Global exchange can be independent of national control
6. Economics
1. Asian nations emerge as industrial giants
2. Reorganization of economic enterprises from banking and commerce to manufacturing
3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7. The International Criminal Court
8. New forms of politics
3. The effects of globalization
1. Does not necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity
2. No uniform, leveling process
3. Worldwide inequality has increased
4. Obstacles and resistance
5. New kinds of cultural blending, new forms of sociability
4. The new stage of globalization
2. Liquid Modernity? The Flow of Money, Ideas, and Peoples
1. Money
1. A transformation of the world's economy
2. Rapid integration of markets since 1970s
3. Overturning economic agreements made since WWII
4. Crucial shift in monetary policy (1971)
1. United States abandoned the postwar gold standard
2. Allowed the dollar to range freely
3. Regulations on currencies, international banking and lending faded away
4. Creation of the IMF and the World Bank
5. "Neoliberalism"
1. Stressed the value of free markets and profit incentives
2. Sharp restraints on budget deficits and social welfare programs
6. A network of local, national, and regional economies
1. Export trade flourished
2. Technological advances and high technology
3. More industrial jobs in the postcolonial world
1. Asia, India, Latin American, and elsewhere
4. Exchange and use of goods became more complex
1. Led to a broader interchange of cultures
2. Deep political effects
2. Ideas
1. Widespread flow of information
2. New commercial and cultural importance of information itself
3. Intensification of devices to create, store, and share information
4. The personal computer
1. Instant communications
2. New cultural and political settings
3. The "global village"
5. The Internet
1. Entrepreneurs with utopian ambitions
2. Publishing all kinds of information quickly and easily
3. Grassroots activism
4. Political struggles
1. Satellite television -- revolts in Eastern Europe in 1989
2. Fax machines -- Chinese demonstrators at Tiananmen Square
6. Entertainment
1. Producing entertainment as well as the technology to enjoy entertainment
7. Bill Gates and Microsoft
8. Corporate headquarters remain in the West
3. Peoples
1. Free flow of labor as central aspect of globalization
2. After 1945, a widespread migration of peoples
1. Changes in everyday life
2. Europe, Arabic states, and the United States
3. Multiculturalism
1. New blends of music, food, language, and other forms of popular culture
2. Raises tense questions of citizenship
3. Effects
1. Xenophobic backlash and bigotry
2. New conceptions of civil rights and cultural belonging
4. Successful and disadvantaged players
1. Production of illegal drugs
1. A thriving industry in Columbia, Myanmar, and Malaysia
2. "Organized crime"
1. Grew out of violence and economic breakdown of postcolonial states
4. Demographics and global health
1. Population
1. 1800-1950: population tripled to 3 billion people
2. 196-2000: population doubled to 6 billion people
3. Causes for growth
1. Improvements in basic standards of health
2. Improving urban-industrial environment in postcolonial regions
4. Strained social services, public health facilities, and urban infrastructures
2. Demographic crisis
1. Longer life spans, welfare programs, rising healthcare costs, easily obtainable divorces
2. Population decline: Italy, Scandinavia, and Russia
3. Public health and medicine
1. New threats and new treatments
2. Exposure to epidemic diseases a new reality of globalization
1. Increased cultural interaction
2. Exposure of new ecosystems to human development
3. Speed of intercontinental transportation
3. c Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) first appeared at the end of the 1970s
4. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared in 2003
4. Medical research
1. Discovery of DNA (1953)
2. Mapping the human genome
3. Genetic engineering
4. Dolly (1997)
5. New questions
1. Legal and moral issues of cloning
2. Who governs genetic advances?
3. Saving lives and cultural preferences
4. Ethics, citizenship, and humanity
3. After Empire: Postcolonial Politics in the Global Age
1. Postcolonial relationships
1. Former colonies gain independence and new kinds of cultural and political authority
2. "Postcolonial" - -underlies the fact the colonialism's legacies outlasted independence
3. Varied results
1. Industrial success and democratization
2. Ethnic slaughter and new forms of absolutism
2. Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
1. Most colonies obtained independence while their infrastructure was deteriorating
2. Cold War brought few improvements
1. Homegrown and externally imposed corruption, poverty, and civil war
3. South Africa
1. The politics of apartheid sponsored by the white minority government
2. Nelson Mandela, led the African National Congress (ANC)
1. Imprisoned since 1962
3. Intense repression and violent conflict
4. Mandela is released from prison (1990)
1. Resumes leadership of the ANC
2. Turns toward renewed public demonstrations and negotiation
5. F. W. de Klerk succeeds Pieter Botha
6. De Klerk and Mandela begin direct talks to establish majority rule (March 1992)
7. Mandela chosen as country's first black president (May 1994)
1. Defuses the climate of organized racial violence
2. Popular among blacks and whites
3. A living symbol of a new political culture
4. Rwanda
1. Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi populations
2. Highly organized campaign of genocide directed at the Tutsi
3. 800,000 dead in a matter of weeks
4. International pressure
1. Forced those who had participated in the genocide to flee to Zaire
2. Became hired mercenaries in a many-sided civil war
5. Public services, normal trade, and basic health collapsed in Zaire
3. Economic power on the Pacific Rim
1. East Asia as a center of industrial and manufacturing production
2. China
1. World's leading heavy industrial producer by 2000
2. State-owned companies produced cheaply and in bulk for sale in the United States and Europe
3. Established commercial zones around Shanghai
1. Hong Kong reclaimed from Britain in 1997
2. Intended to encourage massive foreign investment
3. The "Tigers"
1. Japan led the way -- an "economic miracle"
1. Most influential model of success
2. Firms concentrated on efficiency and technical reliability of their products
3. State subsidies supported the success of Japanese firms
4. Well-funded programs of technical education
5. Collective loyalty among civil servants and managers
2. South Korea and Taiwan
1. Treated prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty
3. Malaysia and Indonesia
1. Parlayed natural resources and expansive local labor pools into industrial investment
4. Boom and bust
1. 1990s show enormous slowdown in growth and near collapse of several currencies
2. Japan: rising production costs, overvalued stocks, rampant speculation in real estate markets
1. Launches monetary austerity programs
3. Indonesia
1. Inflation and unemployment
2. Reignited sharp ethnic conflicts
4. A New Center of Gravity: Israel, Oil, and Political Islam in the Middle East
1. The Middle East as crossroad
1. Western military, political, and economic interests
2. Deep-seated regional conflicts and transnational Islamic politics
2. The Arab-Israeli conflict
1. National aspirations of Jewish immigrants clash with anti-colonial nationalist Pan-Arabists
2. American mediate peace efforts (late 1970s), Soviet leaders remain neutral but supportive
3. Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) argued coexistence with rather than the destruction of Israel
4. Sadat and carter broker a peace with Israel's Menachem Begin (1913-1992)
5. Israel and Palestinian Arabs
1. A blend of ethnic and religious nationalism on both sides
2. Younger Palestinians turn to the PLO and radical Islam
6. Intifada ("throwing off" or uprising)
1. Fights escalated into cycles of Palestinian terrorism
2. International peace brokering
3. Yasser Arafat
4. Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995)
7. The "second intifada"
3. Oil, power, and economics
1. Postwar demand for oil skyrocketed
2. Automobiles and plastics
3. Needs, desires, and profits
1. Drew Western corporations and governments to the oil-rich states of the Middle East
2. Vast oil reserves discovered in the 1930s/40s
4. Oil a fundamental tool in new struggles over political power
5. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
1. Founded in 1960
2. Arab, African, and Latin American nations
3. Regulating production and pricing of crude oil
4. Militant politics of some OPEC leaders wanted to use oil as a weapon against the West
5. 1973 oil embargo
6. The West looks East
1. Treated Middle Eastern oil regions as vital strategic center of gravity
2. Constant great power diplomacy
3. The West always ready to intervene
1. 1991 Gulf War
7. Growing energy demands of postcolonial nations
1. China and India
2. Violent conflict inside Middle Eastern oil-producing states
1. "Haves" and "have-nots"
2. Deep resentments
3. Continued official corruption
4. New wave of radical politics
4. The rise of political Islam
1. North Africa and the Middle East
1. Shared characteristics of "kleptocracies"
1. Corrupt state agencies
2. Cronyism based on ethnic or family kinship
3. Decaying public services
4. Rapid population increase
5. State repression of dissent
2. Criticism of Nasser's Egypt
1. Powerful new political movement in revolt against foreign influence and corruption
2. Denounced Egypt's government as greedy, brutal, and corrupt
2. The roots of the Arab world's moral failure: centuries of colonial contact with the West
3. Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966)
1. Arrested several times by Egyptian authorities, ultimately executed
2. Ruling Arab elites were at fault
1. Frayed local and family bonds
2. Abandoned government's responsibility for charity and stability
3. The nation's elites were morally bankrupt
3. Arab elites lived in the pockets of Western imperial and corporate powers
1. Caused cultural impurity
2. Eroded authentic Muslim faith
3. Poisoning from without and within
4. Arab societies should reject all Western political and cultural ideas
5. Building a new world upon conservative Islamic government
4. Radical Islam
1. combined popular anger, opposition to Western forces, and an idealized vision of the past
2. The Muslim Brotherhood
1. Put Qutb's policies into practice
2. Secretive society rooted in anti-colonial politics, charity and fundamentalist Islam
3. More liberal Islamists were fragmented and easier to silence
5. Iran's Islamic revolution
1. An example of modernization gone sour
2. Shah Reza Pahlavi -- installed by Britain and the United States (1953)
1. Received oil contracts, weapons, and development aid
2. Thousands of Westerners introduced foreign influences
3. Challenged traditional local values
4. New economic and political alternatives
5. The shah kept these alternatives out of reach
1. Denied democratic representation to middle class Iranian workers and students
2. Governed through a small aristocracy divided by religious infighting
3. Secret police and campaign of repression
6. Supported by Richard Nixon as a strategic ally
7. Retires from public life in 1979 and his provisional government collapsed
3. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
1. Returns from exile in France
2. Supported by nation's unemployed, deeply religious university students
3. Joined by radical Islamists
4. The new regime
1. Limited economic and political populism
2. Strict constructions of Islamic law
3. Restrictions on women's public life
4. Prohibition of ideas linked to Western influence
5. Attacks Sun'ni religious establishment and atheistic Soviet communists
6. Attacks Israel and the United States
7. Teheran and the hostage crisis
6. Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
1. Iran-Iraqi War (1980-1988)
1. Iraq attacked Iran over control of oilfields
2. Chemical weapons
3. Iran defeated -- left Iranian clerics more entrenched at home
1. Used oil reserves to back grassroots radicals in Lebanon
2. Engaged in anti-Western terrorism
4. Threats to Iranian regime came from within
1. New generations of young students and disenfranchised service workers
2. Iraq as the new problem for the West
1. France, Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, and the United States supported Iraq in 1980
2. Coalition patronage supported the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein
3. Hussein invades Kuwait (1990)
1. Coalition forces conduct a six week air campaign and then a ground war
2. Iraq forced out of Kuwait
4. Results of the Gulf War
1. Encouraging closeness between coalition government
2. Encouraged anti-American radicals angry at a new Western presence
3. Afghanistan
1. Socialist government of Afghanistan turns against its Soviet patrons (1979)
2. Moscow overthrew the Afghan president and installed a pro-Soviet faction
3. Soviets at war with militant Islamists (mujahedin)
4. Conflict becomes a holy war
5. Mujahedin assisted by advanced weapons and training given by Western powers
6. Soviets withdraw in 1989
7. Hard line Islamic factions took over the country
5. Violence Beyond Bounds: War and Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
1. Terrorist organizations
1. 1960s: organized terrorist tactics as a part of political conflict
1. Middle East, Europe, and Latin America
2. Specific goals
1. Ethnic separatism
2. Establishment of revolutionary governments
2. 1980s/90s: a new brand of terrorist organization
1. Apocalyptic groups called for decisive, world-ending conflict
2. Eliminating enemies and martyrdom
3. Origins
1. Groups from social dislocations of the postwar boom
2. Radical religion
4. Divorced themselves from local crises
2. Al-Qaeda
1. Radical, Islamist umbrella organization
2. Created by leaders of the foreign mujahedin who fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan
1. Osama bin Laden (b. 1957): official leader and financial supporter
2. Ayman al-Zawahri (b. 1951): linked directly to Sayyid Qutb
3. Organized broad networks of self-contained terrorist cells from around the world
4. Goals
1. Did not seek territory or to change governments of specific states
2. Destroy Israel and America, European and other non-Islamic systems of government
3. To create an Islamic community held together by faith alone
5. Terrorist attacks on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (1998)
6. September 11, 2001
1. Hijacked airliners hit the Pentagon, level the World Trade Center in New York
2. Fourth plane crashes in Pennsylvania
3. A new brand of terror
1. Deeply indebted to globalization
2. Extreme, opportunistic violence of marginal groups
7. United States' response
1. Attacked Afghanistan, central haven for al-Qaeda
2. Routed Taliban forces
3. Did not capture bin Laden
4. Rebuilding Afghanistan
8. Persistent fears
1. Chemical and biological weapons
2. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
9. New arms race
1. Israel
2. India and Pakistan
10. America-led invasion of Iraq (2003)
1. Hussein deposed and located (December 2003)
2. No WMD found
11. North Korea
1. Loss of Soviet patronage (1991)
2. Economic disasters
3. Pursued development of nuclear arsenal as bargaining chip
6. Human Rights
1. Citizenship, rights, and law
2. International courts and organizations
3. The globalization of judicial power
4. Human rights and the western political tradition
1. John Locke and natural law as the law of reason
2. The English Bill of Rights
3. French Declarations of the Rights of Man
4. Karl Marx and the illusory nature of political rights
5. Nationalism and human rights
6. World War I, Versailles and the League of Nations
7. World War II and the United Nations
5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
1. No state should have absolute power over its citizens
2. Defined the crime of genocide
3. Established social rights (education, work, standard of living)
7. Conclusion

 

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