c.2000 | Minoan worship of the Mother Goddess |
c.2000 | Extensive commerce between Egypt and Crete |
c.2000-1500 | Height of Minoan Civilization |
c.1600-1200 | Mycenaean civilization on mainland Greece |
c.1500-800 | Dark Ages of Greek history |
c.1500-1400 | Mycenaean dominance on Crete |
c.1400 | Destruction of Knossos and end of Minoan Civilization |
c.1250 | Trojan War |
c.1200-1100 | Collapse of Mycenaean civilization in Greece |
c.800 | Beginning of city-states in Greece |
c.750-600 | Concentration of landed wealth in Greece |
c.750-600 | Greek overseas expansion |
c.753 | Rome founded |
c.750 | The Iliad and The Odyssey |
c.700 | Earliest Greek settlement in Egypt's Nile delta |
c.650 | Shift from cavalry to infantry in Greece |
c.650-500 | Doric architectural style |
c.600 | Invention of coinage by Lydians |
c.600 | Thales of Miletus |
594 | Reforms of Solon in Athens |
c.530 | Pythagoras |
525-456 | Aeschylus |
508 | Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens |
c.500-432 | Phidias |
c.500-400 | Ionic architectural style |
c.500 | Establishment of Roman Republic |
c.500 | Orphic and Eleusinian mystery cults |
496-406 | Sophocles |
c.490-420 | Protagoras |
490-479 | Greco-Persian War |
487-429 | Perfection of Athenian democracy |
c.484-420 | Herodotus |
c.480-406 | Euripides |
478-404 | Delian League |
c.471-400 | Thucydides |
469-399 | Socrates |
c.460 | The Parthenon |
460-c.377 | Hippocrates |
c.460-362 | Democritus |
c.450 | Law of the Twelve Tables, Rome |
c.450-400 | The Sophists |
c.448-380 | Aristophanes |
431-404 | Peloponnesian War |
429-347 | Plato |
c.400-300 | Corinthian style architecture |
384-322 | Aristotle |
c.370-310 | Praxiteles |
342-270 | Epicurus |
338 | Macedonian conquest of Greece |
334-323 | Conquests of Alexander the Great |
323 | Death of Alexander, division of his empire |
c.323-285 | Euclid |
c.320-250 | Zeno the Stoic |
310-230 | Aristarchus |
c.300-100 | Hellenistic international trade |
264-146 | Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage |
c.287-212 | Archimedes |
c.276-195 | Eratosthenes |
c.250-100 | Growth of slavery, decline of small farmer in Rome |
c.250-50 | Oriental mystery cults in Rome |
c.220-150 | Herophilus |
c.205-118 | Polybius |
c.200 | The Skeptics |
c.183-145 | Greek Invasion of India |
146 | Destruction of Carthage by Rome |
c.146-60 | Introduction of Greek philosophy to Rome |
133-121 | Reforms of the Gracchi brothers in Rome |
106-43 | Cicero |
98-55 | Lucretius |
70-19 | Virgil |
65-8 | Horace |
59B.C.E.-17C.E. | Livy |
46-44 | Dictatorship of Caesar in Rome |
43B.C.E.-17C.E. | Ovid |
27B.C.E.-14C.E. | Principate of Augustus Caesar in Rome |
27B.C.E.-14C.E. | Principate of Augustus Caesar in Rome |
34-65 | Seneca |
55-117 | Tacitus |
61. | Treaty of Samos between Rome and Kush |
c.80 | The Colosseum |
96-180 | The "Good Emporers" in Rome |
c.120 | The Pantheon |
c.120-250 | Height of Roman portrait statuary |
121-180 | Marcus Aurelius |
130-c.200 | Galen |
200 | Completion of Roman jurisprudence by great jurists |
c.204-270 | Plotonius |
235-284 | Civil war in the Roman empire |
284-305 | Diocletian |
306-337 | Constantine I |
311 | Beginning of toleration of Christians in Roman Empire |
354-430 | St. Augustine |
379-395 | Theodosius I |
380 | Christianity becomes the official Roman religion |
410 | Visigoths sack Rome |
476 | Deposition of last western Roman emporer |
c.480-524 | Boethius |
493-526 | Theodoric the Ostrogoth king of Italy |
c.500-700 | Decline of towns and trade in the west |
c.520 | Benedictine monastic rule |
527-565 | Justinian |
532-537 | Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia |
c.550 | Corpus of Roman law |
590-604 | Pope Gregory I |
610-641 | Byzantine Emperor Heraclius |
630 | Muhammad enters Mecca in triumph |
c.700-1050 | Predominantly agrarian economy in the West |
711 | Muslims conquer Spain |
c.715-754 | Missionary work of St. Boniface in Germany |
717 | Muslims unsuccessfully attack Constantinople |
726-843 | Iconoclastic controversy in Byzantine Empire |
735 | Death of the Venerable Bede |
c.750 | Beowulf |
c.750 | Book of Kells (Ireland) |
751 | Pepin the Short annointed king of the Franks |
768-814 | Charlemagne |
c.800-1000 | Height of Byzantine commerce and industry |
c.800-850 | Carolingian Renaissance |
800 | Charlemagne crowned emperor |
c.850-911 | Carolingian Empire distintegrates |
871-899 | Alfred the Great of England |
c.880-911 | High point of Viking raids in Europe |
910 | Foundation of Cluny |
936-973 | Otto the Great of Germany |
c.950 | Foundation of the Kievan state |
c.988 | Byzantine conversion of Russia to Christianity |
c.1000-1200 | Romanesque style in architecture and art |
c.1025-1100 | Destruction of Byzantine free peasantry |
1046 | Beginning of Reform Papacy |
c.1050-1300 | Agricultural advance, revival of towns and trade in the West |
1054 | Beginning of Schism between Roman and Eastern Orthodox Churches |
1054 | Beginning of Schism between Roman and Eastern Orthodox Churches |
1066 | Norman conquest of England |
1071 | Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert |
1073-1085 | Pope Gregory VII |
1077 | Penance of Henry IV at Canossa |
1090-1153 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux |
1095-1099 | First Crusade |
c.1095 | Song of Roland |
c.1100-1300 | Origins of universities in the West |
c.1100-1220 | Troubadour poetry |
1100-1135 | Henry I of England |
1108-1137 | Louis VI of France |
c.1115-1153 | Height of Cistercian monasticism |
1122 | Concordat of Worms ends investiture struggle |
c.1140-1260 | Translation of Aristotle's works into Latin |
c.1150-1500 | Gothic style in architecture and art |
1152-1190 | Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Germany |
1154-1189 | Henry II of England |
c.1155-1157 | Peter Lombard's Sentences |
c.1165-1190 | Poetry of Chrétien de Troyes |
c.1168-1253 | Robert Grosseteste |
1180-1223 | Philip Augustus of France |
c.1180 | Windmill invented |
1187 | Crusaders lose Jerusalem to Saladin |
1198-1216 | Pope Innocent III |
1198 | Death of Averroës |
1204 | Crusaders sack Constantinople |
1204 | Death of Maimonides |
1208-1213 | Albigensian Crusade |
1210 | Founding of Franciscan Order |
1212 | Spanish victory over Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa |
1212-1250 | Frederick II of Germany and Sicily |
c.1214-1294 | Francis Bacon |
1215 | Magna Carta |
1215 | Fourth Latern Council |
1216 | Founding of Dominican Order |
1225-1274 | St. Thomas Aquinas |
1226-1270 | Louis IX (St. Louis) of France |
c.1250-1277 | Height of Scholasticism |
c.1270 | Romance of the Rose |
1272-1307 | Edward I of England |
1285-1349 | William of Ockham |
1285-1314 | Philip IV (the Fair) of France |
c.1290 | Mechanical clock invented |
1291 | Fall of last Christian outposts in the Holy Land |
1294-1303 | Pope Boniface VII |
c.1300-1327 | Period of Master Eckhart's activity |
c.1300-1450 | European economic depression |
1305-1378 | Babylonian captivity of papacy |
c.1305-1337 | Paintings of Giotto |
c.1310 | Dante's Divine Comedy |
1315 | Floods throughout western Europe |
c.1320-1500 | height of nominalism |
c.1330-1384 | John Wyclif |
1337-1453 | Hundred Years War |
1347-1350 | Black Death |
c.1350-1450 | Height of Hanseatic League |
c.1350-1450 | Political chaos in Germany |
c.1350 | Boccaccio's Decameron |
1378-1417 | The Great Schism of the papacy |
1381 | English peasant's revolt |
c.1390 | Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
1397-1494 | Medici Bank |
1400-1441 | Paintings of Jan van Eyck |
c.1408-1415 | Jon Hus preaches in Bohemia |
1414-1417 | Council of Constance |
1420-1434 | Hussite Revolt |
c.1427 | Imitation of Christ |
1429-1431 | Appearance of Joan of Arc |
1431-1449 | Council of Basel, defeat of conciliarism |
c.1450-1500 | Rise of princes in Germany |
c.1450 | Printing with movable type |
c.1453-1513 | Reassertion of royal power in France |
1453 | Heavy artillery (cannons) helps Turks capture Constantinople and end Hundred Years War |
1454-1485 | Peace among Northern Italian states |
1455-1485 | War of the Roses in England |
1462-1505 | Ivan III lays foundation for Russian Empire |
1469 | Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella |
1485-1603 | Strong Tudor dynasty in England |