W. W. Norton & Company | Inventing America, 2 ed.

Chapter 30: Reform, Rage, and Vietnam (1960-1968)

Chapter Outline

Kennedy: Idealism Without Illusions
1. Kennedy's Inauguration
2. Personal Qualities
3. Style of Governance
Kennedy and the Third World
1. "Flexible Response"
2. Latin America
  1. Cuba
  2. Alliance for Progress
3. Southeast Asia
  1. Laos
  2. Vietnam
Kennedy and the Soviets
1. Project Apollo
2. Crisis over Berlin
3. The Cuban Missile Crisis
4. The Test-Ban Treaty
Kennedy at Home
1. Economic Issues
  1. Concerns about economic growth
  2. Rediscovering poverty
  3. The inflation threat
  4. Assessment
2. Science, Technology, and the Economy
  1. Faith in science
  2. Route 128 and Silicon Valley
  3. Federal funding for R&D
  4. Decentralization and globalization
  5. Impact of defense R&D
3. Horizons of Health
  1. Federal support for health care
  2. Deinstitutionalizing the mentally ill
Kennedy and Civil Rights
1. Growing Pressure to Act
  1. JFK's initial resistance
  2. The Freedom Rides
  3. Justice Department actions
  4. James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
2. Birmingham and Beyond
  1. The Birmingham campaign
  2. JFK's changing views
  3. White sympathizers and activists
  4. Continuing racial violence in the South
The Quality of Life
1. The Kennedy White House
2. Cultural Stirrings
  1. Promotion of high culture
  2. Pop Art
  3. Architectural Preservation
  4. Environmental Preservation
    1. Preservation vs. conservation-for-use
    2. The battle over Dinosaur National Monument
  5. Poisons and Pollutions
    1. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
    2. Broadening the goals of environmentalism
The Thousandth Day
1. Kennedy's Assassination
2. Assessing the Kennedy Legacy
Lyndon Johnson: Taking Charge
1. The New President
  1. Biography
  2. Political style and values
2. Enacting the Kennedy Program
  1. Tax reduction
  2. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
  3. The War on Poverty
3. Liberty, Equality, and the Supreme Court
  1. Voting rights
  2. Prayer in schools
  3. Freedom of the press
  4. Rights of suspects and defendants
  5. Contraceptive use
  6. The first black justice
Toward the Great Society
1. The New Right and the Election of 1964
  1. Johnson, Humphrey, and the "Great Society"
  2. An emerging conservative coalition
  3. Barry Goldwater
  4. Johnson triumphant
2. Enacting the Great Society
  1. Material issues
  2. Quality of life
  3. Environmental protection
3. Voting Rights
  1. Freedom Summer
  2. The March on Selma
  3. The Voting Rights Act of 1965
4. The Revival of Feminism
  1. 1963 report of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
  2. Impact of the civil rights movement
  3. Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique
  4. Consciousness-raising groups
  5. NOW and the EEOC
Lyndon Johnson, Reluctant Globalist
1. Approach to Foreign Policy
2. The Middle East
3. Latin America
  1. A rightward shift
  2. Unrest in Panama
  3. Intervention in the Dominican Republic
4. Vietnam
  1. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
  2. Johnson's conflicted views on Vietnam
  3. Stepped-up bombing and troop deployments
  4. Dubious "progress"
  5. The view from the ground
  6. Doubts and frustration
Upheaval at Home
1. The Antiwar Movement
  1. Questioning the war
    1. teach-ins
    2. initial arguments against U.S. involvement
  2. The Emergence of a Movement
    1. impact of TV
    2. college campuses and the New Left
    3. attacking Defense Department funding of research
    4. calling attention to inequities in the draft
    5. novels and TV shows
2. The Countercultural Rebellion
  1. Sources
    1. inspiration of the free-speech movement
    2. baby boom demographics
  2. Characteristics
    1. skepticism of science and reason
    2. drugs and "hippie" lifestyles
    3. role of music
  3. Losing momentum
  4. Legacies to mainstream culture
    1. fashion
    2. sexual permissiveness
    3. skepticism of science and technology
Militancy and Backlash
1. Rising Fury Among Nothern Blacks
  1. Reasons
  2. Warnings of trouble to come
2. The Fire Ignited
  1. Race riots
  2. Kerner Commission report
  3. Johnson's response
3. Black Power
  1. The Nation of Islam and Malcolm X
  2. SNCC and the Black Panthers
  3. Culture and politics
4. Red Power, Chicano Power
  1. Native Americans
    1. federal policy under Kennedy and Johnson
    2. "Red Power" activists
  2. Mexican Americans
    1. rural issues
    2. urban issues
5. Backlash
  1. Defining "Middle America"
  2. Sources of resentment
    1. feminism
    2. permissiveness and secularism
    3. racial issues
    4. antiwar movement
1968: The Politics of Protest
1. A Turning Point
  1. The Tet offensive
  2. Political fallout
    1. rising opposition to the war
    2. Democratic challengers for the presidency
    3. Johnson's withdrawal from the race
2. Death and Confrontation
  1. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination
  2. Robert F. Kennedy's assassination
  3. The 1968 Democratic convention
  4. Humphrey, Nixon, and Wallace
3. Campaigning for Conservatism
  1. Wallace's strategy
  2. Nixon's strategy
4. Election results and significance
Triumph and Transition

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