Chapter 27: Fighting for Freedom
Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Sources of American Strength
- Industrial production
- Ideology
- The "Grand Alliance"
- Opening Gambits
- Strategy in Europe
- Anglo-American debate over strategy
- Operation Torch
- the Darlan affair
- German surrender in North Africa
- Demands in the Pacific
- Japanese advances in the Pacific
- The tide turns
- Battle of the Coral Sea
- Doolittle raid
- Battle of Midway
- The battle of Guadalcanal
- Mobilization and the Economy
- Production for War
- War Production Board orchestrates conversion
- Obtaining raw materials for war goods
- curtailing civilian production
- conservation
- substitution
- Production miracles
- Controlling Prices
- Factors pushing prices up
- soaring federal spending
- wartime paychecks
- Paying for the war
- income taxes
- war bonds and other loans
- Office of Price Administration
- freezes prices
- extends rationing
- Controlling wage rates
- National War Labor Board
- little Steel formula
- Office of War Mobilization
- Economic Boom
- Measures of the boom
- Labor
- overtime pay
- union membership soars
- fringe benefits
- wildcat strikes
- Farmers
- soaring demand for farm goods
- victory gardens
- government price supports
- increased production
- agricultural income climbs
- Regional Changes
- The South benefits
- military bases
- defense manufacturing contracts
- Wartime migration
- from farms and small towns to cities
- from region to region
- California
- The Enlistment of Science
- The Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
- Radar
- Advantages of microwave radar
- Alters Allies' offensive strategy
- A Physicists'War
- Proximity fuses
- Rockets
- Physicists' new status
- The Medical War
- Penicillin
- Fighting malaria
- synthetic quinine (Atabrine)
- DDT
- Blood
- freeze-dried plasma and albumin
- methods to preserve whole blood
- The War in Europe
- Early 1943
- The Casablanca conference
- Anglo-American invasion of Sicily
- Tide turns on the eastern front
- Into Italy
- Political changes
- Mussolini resigns
- Badoglio regime surrenders
- Allied invasion of Italy
- Bombing Europe
- British and Americans bomb Germany
- British strategy
- American strategy
- Hitler bombs London
- V-1 rockets
- V-2 rockets
- United States turns to terror bombing
- The Invasion of France
- Teheran Conference
- The invasion of Normandy
- Allied sweep across France
- Combat conditions
- The War in the Pacific
- Two-Pronged American Strategy
- The Navy's Advance
- Tarawa and Makin
- Eniwetok and Kwajalein
- Saipan, Tinian, and Guam
- MacArthur's Drive
- Landing in the Philippines
- Kamikaze attacks
- Frustration in China
- Supplying the Chinese by air
- Frustration with Jiang and the Nationalist Chinese
- The War and American Society
- War Aims and National Morale
- Office of War Information
- linking the war to postwar prosperity
- Why We Fight series
- Hollywood's response to war
- Blurring of ethnic, religious, racial, and gender divisions
- Women
- Women in the workforce
- Women in the military
- Battling stereotypes and discrimination
- Pressures to return to the home
- African Americans
- Wartime migration north and west
- Discrimination and segregation
- race riots of 1943
- the military
- The battle for equality
- invoking American ideals
- the FEPC
- NAACP and union membership soars
- white sympathizers and interracial organizations
- the northern black vote
- Reform in the military
- Changing attitudes of whites
- Native Americans and Mexican Americans
- Native Americans
- Seminoles and Hopis resist draft
- Navajo Code Talkers
- Mexican Americans
- the bracero program
- migration to war industries in Los Angeles
- the "Sleepy Lagoon" trial
- the Zoot Suit riots
- volunteering for military service
- changing attitudes of whites
- Politics and the limits of Freedom
- Japanese American Relocation
- The internment program
- reasons
- scope
- Japanese American reactions
- Japanese Americans in the military
- Experience of other Asians
- The United States and the Holocaust
- Nazis launch the "final solution"
- Rescue movement faces obstacles
- anti-Semitism
- skepticism
- The War Refugee Board
- successes
- limits of the American response
- A Shifting Political Agenda
- Government policies aid largest corporations most
- Americans grow more conservative
- Congress begins dismantling the New Deal
- The G.I. Bill of Rights
- The 1944 Election
- Nominations
- Republicans nominate Dewey
- Democrats swap Wallace for Truman
- The campaign
- FDR's victory
- Victory in Europe
- Battle of the Bulge
- The German attack
- Eisenhower's strategy
- The Defeat of Germany
- Americans and Russians meet at the Elbe
- liberating the concentration camps
- Hitler's suicide and Germany's surrender
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