W. W. Norton & Company | Inventing America, 2 ed.

Chapter 11: Political Innovation in a Mechanical Age (1828-1840)

Chapter Outline

Jacksonian Democrats
1. Division of the Jeffersonian Republicans
  1. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay: National Republicans (Whigs)
  2. Andrew Jackson: Democratic Republicans (Democrats)
2. Andrew Jackson
  1. Market Revolution
  2. Protective Tariff
  3. Opposition to federally funded internal improvements
  4. Distrust of the Second Bank of the United States
  5. Alliance with Senator Martin Van Buren of New York
3. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
  1. John C. Calhoun's shift from nationalism to states' rights
  2. Tariff of 1828: the "Tariff of Abominations"
  3. Compact theory of government
  4. "Nullification"
  5. Slavery issue
    1. Latin American slave revolts
    2. American Colonization Society (1816)
    3. Denmark Vesey's rebellion in South Carolina (1822)
4. The Election of 1828
  1. Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, president and vicepresident
  2. Western issues: transportation, banks, tariffs, land
5. Jacksonian Democracy
  1. Direct election "by the people"
  2. Spoils system
  3. Rotation in office
  4. Shift from merit system to party patronage
  5. Expansion of suffrage
    1. decline of property qualifications for voting/li>
    2. white manhood suffrage
    3. lax enforcement of election laws
6. Internal Improvements
  1. Jackson's Maysville Road veto
  2. Federal withdrawal from transportation improvement
  3. The Erie Canal and the Canal Era
  4. Panic of 1837
  5. Railroads
    1. speed and reliability
    2. systematic management: military model
7. Sectional Divisions
  1. The succession struggle: Calhoun vs. Van Buren
  2. The Peggy Eaton affair
  3. The kitchen cabinet
  4. The Webster-Hayne debate
    1. Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina
      1. "Carolina doctrine"
      2. states' rights
    2. Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
      1. national power and eastern interests
      2. "Liberty and Union"
  5. Jackson's denunciation of Calhoun
8. The Nullification Crisis (1832-33)
  1. Tariff of 1832
  2. Calhoun's resignation as vice-president
  3. South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification (1832)
  4. Jackson's "Proclamation to the People of South Carolina"
  5. The Force Bill (1833)
  6. Henry Clay's Compromise (1833)
9. The Bank War (1832-33)
  1. Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay
  2. Jackson's veto of the recharter of the Bank of the United States
    1. the "Monster Bank"
    2. "King Andrew"
  3. Removal of federal funds from the BUS
    1. Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney
    2. the "pet banks"
  4. The Specie Circular, requiring payment for public lands in gold or silver (1836)
  5. The Distribution Act, distributing surplus to states
The Legal Framework of Industrialization
1. The States
  1. Limited liability
  2. State charters
  3. State ownership of transportation routes
  4. Subsidies and matching funds
2. The Supreme Court
  1. Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-35)
    1. economic stability through legal security
    2. "obligation of contracts" and corporate charters
      1. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
      2. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
      3. Sturgis v. Crowenshield (1819)
    3. federal jurisdiction over interstate commerce
      1. steamboat traffic
      2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
  2. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (1835-64)
    1. dynamic growth through legal flexibility
    2. free competition and opposition to monopoly
    3. Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company (1837)
Indian Removal
1. The South
  1. Andrew Jackson and the Cherokees
  2. Indian Removal Act (1830)
  3. The Marshall Court
    1. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
    2. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
  4. The Cherokee Treaty Party and the Treaty of New Echota (1835)
  5. The "Trail of Tears"
2. The North
  1. The Sauk and Fox Indians
  2. Black Hawk War (1832)
Whigs vs. Democrats
1. Modern Political Parties
  1. Expansion and immigration
  2. Communications: U.S. Post Office, newspapers, telegraph, "print revolution"
  3. Political patronage
  4. Party competition
2. The Second Party System
  1. The Whig Party
    1. issues
      1. opposition to Jackson
      2. strong federal government
      3. harmonious but hierarchical society
      4. humanitarian reform, including antislavery
    2. constituencies
      1. native-born evangelical Christians
      2. Protestant immigrants
      3. African Americans
      4. the Anti-Mason Party
  2. The Democratic Party
    1. issues
      1. states' rights
      2. limited government and local autonomy
      3. the "common man"
      4. reform as undue government interference, especially antislavery
    2. constituencies
      1. Catholic immigrants
      2. workingmen
      3. supporters of slavery
3. The Election of 1836
  1. Democrats
    1. Democratic National Convention (Baltimore)
    2. nomination of Martin Van Buren to succeed Jackson
  2. Whigs
    1. three nominees
      1. William Henry Harrison of Ohio
      2. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts
      3. Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee
4. The Van Buren Presidency
  1. Panic of 1837
  2. Independent Treasury Act (1840)

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