W. W. Norton & Company | Inventing America, 2 ed.

Chapter 5: Toward Independence (1764-1783)

Chapter Outline

"No Taxation Without Representation," 1764-1774
1. Securing the Western Frontier
  1. Proclamation of 1763
  2. General Jeffrey Amherst
  3. The Ottawas and Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)
2. War Debt
  1. 130-million-pound revolutionary war debt
  2. George Grenville, first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer
  3. Debts, revenues, and taxes
3. Sugar Act (1764)
  1. Customs duties
  2. Revenue Act of 1764 (Sugar Act)
  3. Customs service reform and stepped-up enforcement of British trade laws
  4. Colonial reaction
    1. rights of Englishmen
    2. no parliamentary power to raise revenue in America
    3. "no taxation without representation"
4. Stamp Act (1765)
  1. Direct sales tax
    1. pamphlets, almanacs, newspapers, newspaper advertisements, cards, dice
    2. payment in gold and silver
    3. admiralty courts
  2. Colonial reaction
    1. rejection of virtual representation
      1. Daniel Dulany of Maryland
      2. Richard Bland of Virginia
    2. "real" or "attorneyship" representation
    3. Virginia Resolves
    4. Stamp Act Congress (New York)
    5. boycotts
  3. Repeal of the Stamp Act (1766)
5. The Townshend Crisis (1767-70)
  1. Townshend Revenue Acts
    1. Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer
    2. new duties on colonial imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, tea
  2. Quartering Act
  3. New York Suspending Act
  4. Colonial response
    1. Pennsylvania Chronicle
    2. John Dickinson's "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"
    3. nonimportation associations
  5. Frederick, Lord North, king's first minister (1770-82)
  6. Repeal of Townshend duties except for tea tax
6. Pause and Resumption (1770-73)
  1. East India Company
  2. Boston Massacre (1770)
  3. Boston Tea Party (1773)
7. Coercive, or Intolerable, Acts (1774)
  1. Boston Port Act
  2. Massachusetts Government Act
  3. Administration of Justice Act
  4. Quartering Act
  5. Quebec Act
The Transfer of Authority
1. Sons of Liberty
2. Nonimportation Associations
3. First Continental Congress (1774)
  1. Representatives from all colonies but Georgia
  2. Meeting in Philadelphia
  3. Endorsement of Suffolk (Massachusetts) Resolves
  4. Rejection of Plan of Union
  5. Adoption of colonial bill of rights
  6. Creation of Continental Association
    1. plan of economic coercion
    2. network of extra-legal committees
Toward War and Independence
1. New England Restraining Act (1775)
2. King George III and General Thomas Gage
  1. Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
  2. Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga to Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen (May 1775)
  3. Battle of Bunker Hill (June 1775)
3. Second Continental Congress (1775)
  1. American invasion of Canada
  2. Creation of Continental army
  3. Appointment of George Washington as commander in chief
  4. Economic functions, including borrowing funds and issuing paper money
4. Prohibitory Act (December 1775)
5. Thomas Paine's Common Sense (January 1776)
6. Committee to Draft a Declaration of Independence
  1. Thomas Jefferson, chair (Virginia)
  2. John Adams (Massachusetts)
  3. Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania)
  4. Robert Livingston (New York)
  5. Roger Sherman (Connecticut)
7. Loyalists
8. The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
A War for Independence
1. Continental Army
2. Continental Navy and Privateers
3. Washington's Winter Campaign (1776-77)
  1. Retreat from New York City
  2. Battle of Trenton, New Jersey
  3. Battle of Princeton, New Jersey
  4. Winter camp at Morristown, New Jersey (1776-77)
  5. Strategy
    1. regular, standing army
    2. conservative military model
4. Arms
  1. Rifles vs. muskets
  2. Pennsylvania rifle
  3. Gunpowder mills
  4. Iron production
  5. Ascendancy of the musketmen
5. Reversal of Fortune (1777-78)
  1. British invasion from Canada
  2. Battle of Brandywine Creek
  3. Fall of Philadelphia
  4. Battle of Saratoga
  5. French recognition of American independence
  6. British Carlisle Commission
  7. Spanish entry into the war
6. Britain's Southern Strategy
  1. Washington's winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (1777-78)
  2. Battle of Monmouth Court House, New Jersey (1779)
  3. Battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina (1781)
  4. Battle of Yorktown, Virginia (1781)
    1. French naval support
    2. Cornwallis's surrender (September 18, 1781)
    3. "The World Turned Upside Down"
7. British Recognition of American Independence
8. Treaty of Paris (1783)

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