StudySpace: Inventing America, 2 ed.

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1. The Peoples of Ancient America
   1. Origins of Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere
      1. Native American creation stories
      2. Beringia
   2. Mesoamerican Societies and Cultures
      1. Tehuacán Valley of Mexico
      1. invention of agriculture
      2. sedentary societies/pottery (2300 B.C.)
      3. Teotihuacán
      2. Yucatan Peninsula: the Mayans
      3. Arrival of the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico (thirteenth century)
   3. North America
      1. Clovis culture (c. 10,000 B.C.)
      2. Folsom culture (c. 8000 B.C.)
      3. Hopewell people (100 B.C.- A.D. 400)
      4. Eskimos and Aleuts
      5. Southwestern cultures
      1. Hohokam people
      2. Mogollon people (ancestral Zunis)
      3. Anasazis (ancestral Pueblos)
      6. Cahokia (Mississippian culture)
      7. Northeastern cultures
      1. Algonquians
      2. Iroquoians
2. European Discovery and Conquest
   1. Viking Exploration of North America (c. 986)
   2. Mediterranean Cultures
      1. Crusades
      2. Reconquista
      3. Portugal
      1. Prince Henry the Navigator
      2. Sagres
      3. Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Azores in Atlantic Ocean
      4. Bartholmeu Dias reaches Cape of Good Hope (1487-88)
      5. Vasco da Gama reaches India (1497-99)
   3. Fifteenth-Century Navigation
      1. Navigation methods and tools
      1. dead reckoning
      2. compass
      3. quadrant
      4. astrolabe
      5. cross staff
      2. Ships
      1. caravel
      2. lateen sail
      3. Maps
      1. portolan, or sea chart
      2. world maps
      1. Claudius Ptolemy's Geography
      2. latitude and longitude
      3. Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Azores in Atlantic Ocean
      4. Bartholmeu Dias reaches Cape of Good Hope (1487-88)
      5. Vasco da Gama reaches India (1497-99)
   4. Spain and Christopher Columbus
      1. Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon
      2. Unification of Spain (1469)
      3. Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spain (1492)
      4. Adelantados
      5. Columbus's first voyage to America (1492-93)
      1. Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria
      2. San Salvador, Cuba, and Hispaniola
      6. Papal bulls (1493)
      7. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
      8. Columbus's second voyage (1493-96)
      9. Columbus's third voyage (1498-1500)
      10. Columbus's fourth voyage (1502-4)
      11. Death of Columbus (1506)
   5. England
      1. John Cabot (1497, 1498)
      2. Sebastian Cabot (1504, 1508-9)
      3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583)
   6. France
      1. Giovanni de Verrazano (1524)
      2. Jacques Cartier (1534, 1536)
   7. Spain
      1. Amerigo Vespucci
      2. Joan Ponce de León
      3. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
      4. Fernando Magellan
   8. Conquest of Mexico
      1. Encomiendas
      2. Hernando Cortés
      1. death of Montezuma II
      2. conquest of Tenochtitlán and creation of Mexico City
      3. New Spain
   9. Creation of the Spanish Empire in America
      1. Conquistadores
      1. Franciso Pizarro and the Incas (Peru)
      2. Vásquez de Coronado (New Mexico)
      3. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (California)
      4. founding of St. Augustine (Florida)
      2. Spanish imperial government
      1. Council of the Indies (1524)
      2. viceroys
      1. New Spain (1535)
      2. New Castile (1544)
   10. The Columbian Exchange
       1. European technology
       2. Disease
       1. Native American depopulation
       2. European seasoning
       3. Animals
       4. Plants
   11. Intellectual Impact of Exploration
       1. Geography—Gerhardus Mercator's geographical projection)
       2. Botany
       3. Birth of "science"

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