The Gathering Storm Adolf Hitler’s Germany Benito Mussolini’s Italy Japan’s Imperial Ambitions American Isolationism Encouraging Peace Roosevelt’s Brand of Idealism FDR: the Wilsonian idealist FDR: the realist Trusting in Trade Trade agreements Recognition of the USSR The Good Neighbor Policy Commitment to nonintervention Liberalization of trade Avoiding the Disagreeable Japanese Belligerence U.S. responses to Japanese aggression refusal to recognize Japanese control of Manchuria naval construction program Japan opens undeclared war on China Nazi Aggressions The Spanish Civil War Nazi eugenics Persecution of Jews Annexation of Austria The Munich Conference The Ingredients of Isolationism Isolationism’s diverse constituency Widespread arguments favoring isolationism fear of military technologies claims of past mistakes: the shadow of World War I Legislating Neutrality The Neutrality Acts of 1935–1938 The Abraham Lincoln Brigade The Refugee Question Refugee scholars and scientists enrich American life Many others kept out Defense for the Americas FDR argues for increased military preparedness The growth of air power aircraft carriers long-range land-based planes Only for the neighborhood airplanes for self-defense only from national security to hemispheric security isolationism continues strong A World at War The Outbreak of World War II The Nazi-Soviet pact Hitler’s invasion of Poland triggers world war United States reaffirms its neutrality Germany’s Blitzkrieg and the fall of France The Battle of Britain The American Response Pro-British sentiment The mobilization of science concerns about the potential of uranium fission formation of the National Defense Research Committee Making national defense a bipartisan issue The Election of 1940 Battle in the Atlantic U.S. responses destroyers-for-bases deal Selective Service Act lend-lease Incipient Alliance Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union the Atlantic Charter the Greer episode repeal of the neutrality acts Passions and Power continuing isolationist sentiment Roosevelt’s misuses of power The Searing Japanese Sun Japan’s aggression in China and French Indochina U.S. response Attack on Pearl Harbor