America at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century An Unfinished Agenda The Progressive Temper Optimism Empiricism Pragmatism Activist government The Era of Electricity and the Automobile A Growing Economy Overview Steady growth Uneven growth The Booming Farm Economy Rising prices for farm products Technological improvements Scientific advances Science, Technology, and Industry Science-Based Industries Advances in chemistry and physics The search for practical applications Federal aid to scientific research Technological Systems Electricity overview impact on workplaces public service or private commodity? The automobile industry’s rapid growth Henry Ford and the techniques of mass production Frederick Winslow Taylor and "scientific management" the automobile as a technological system The Engineering Profession Progressive Reform The Reform Impulse Multiple sources Diverse goals Shared belief in informed public policies Democratic vs. technocratic Urban Problems Delivering basic services Reforming city government Aiding the poor and working class State Politics The Wisconsin program: a blueprint Strengthening regulation of vital industries Election reforms Social reforms Class, Ethnicity, and Race Unions and the State AFL and trade unions Industrial Workers of the World Socialist Party State legislation workers’ compensation laws regulating child labor opposition from the courts Immigration Reconsidered The immigration "problem" labor competition the changing urban landscape politics Responses of the native-born Americanization programs violence and discrimination eugenics and fears of "race suicide" immigration restrictions Race and the Nation Race relations in the South Jim Crow laws and other legal restrictions disfranchisement continues Blacks migrate to the urban North African Americans’ reception in the North marginalization and discrimination black ghettoes racial violence Women and Reform Jobs and Rights Jobs and education the continuing ideal of domesticity working-class women middle-class women Women and social reform Ida B. Wells-Barnett and antilynching Margaret Sanger and birth control S. Josephine Baker and public health Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the emergence of "feminism" Legislative victories Full equality vs. protection Winning the Right to Vote The "doldrums" The National American Woman Suffrage Association an ideological shift scattered victories opponents Pursuing a constitutional amendment organizing and protests World War I: the turning point ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment National Politics The Presidential Election of 1900 William Jennings Bryan emphasizes foreign policy Central issues: currency and the tariff McKinley wins The Roosevelt Era McKinley’s assassination Roosevelt’s personality and views Roosevelt’s first term trust-busting labor: the anthracite coal strike conservation The election of 1904 Roosevelt’s second term the "monopoly" question regulating the railroads regulating food and drugs onset of political gridlock The Successor:William H. Taft The election of 1908 Legislative successes Setbacks Pinchot-Ballinger controversy erupts formation of the Progressive Republican League The Election of 1912 The contenders Republicans renominate Taft Teddy Roosevelt leads the Progressive Party Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson The campaign "New Nationalism" vs. "New Freedom" Wilson emerges victorious Wilson: The Scholar as President Legislative successes tariff revision banking reform antitrust policy labor law Louis Brandeis and the Supreme Court The election of 1916 The Legacy of Reform The end of the "progressive" era Legislative achievements and limitations The scaffolding of the modern American state Legitimizing reform