Integration and Segmentation National Integration Examples and reasons mail and telegraph common habits and consumer goods mobility Erosion of local communities Nationalization of work and social life The Jim Crow South White actions increasing de facto and de jure segregation lynching and other anti-black violence African American reaction resistance vs. acquiescence Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Du Bois Supreme Court upholds segregation Reforming Native Americans The "Peace Policy" stress on civilization and Christianization upsurge in war on the Great Plains destruction of the buffalo Assimilation Policy elements of the policy benefits settlers and railroad corporations more than Indians Emerging belief in the biological inferiority of Indians leads to second-class citizenship Strangers in the Land Mixed reaction of native-born Americans to immigrants Hostility directed toward non-European immigrants Chinese Japanese Mexicans Nativism directed at European immigrants fear of radicals and union organizers anti-Catholicism fear of "race suicide" and the eugenics movement Life on the Farm Changes New markets Technological innovations reduce drudgery, increase productivity More contact with urban world Mail-order catalogs change consumption patterns Continuities Seasonal rhythms Gendered division of labor Regional Variations Great Plains The South Migration to Cities Push factors Pull factors The Rise of the City An Urban Society Explosive growth of cities Types of cities metropolises "specialist" cities Cities and Technology New modes of transportation horse-drawn streetcars elevated trains cable cars electrified streetcars subways Bridges The "balloon frame" house Streetcar suburbs The Immigrant City Living conditions in ethnic neighborhoods overcrowding disease unsteady, low-wage work Social life community-wide organizations men and saloons women children The City of Lights Downtowns skyscrapers department stores Improvements in physical infrastructure electric lighting paved streets water and sewer lines Public Health and the City of Disease Infectious diseases and death rates "Anticontagionists" Scientific medicine Women in Industrial Society Education More women attend high school and college Reasons Work Rise in participation in paid labor force Reasons Cultural resistance Family Declining fertility rates Tighter abortion and birth control laws Impact of new household technologies The New Woman Clubs and associations Women’s Christian Temperance Union The World Viewed Education Public schools Kindergartens Universities Science and Society Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species challenge to religious views of the world model of an empirical approach to knowledge Social Darwinism and its critics Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner Frank Lester Ward Intellectual approaches to industrialization and political unrest Debates over gender and racial inequality Religion A potent force The challenge of Darwinism Protestant conservatives vs. modernists Reform Jewish reaction Christian Scientists The challenge of industrial capitalism Gospel of Wealth Social Gospel Jewish and Catholic reactions Law, Philosophy, Art Oliver Wendell Holmes and the law Pragmatic philosophers:William James and John Dewey Realism in art and literature The emergence of cultural hierarchy