Secession The First Wave of Secession The Deep South South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas Montgomery Convention (February 1861) the Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens Southern Unionists Crittenden’s Compromise Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address Fort Sumter Charleston, South Carolina Confederate attack and Union surrender (April 1861) Lincoln’s call for troops The Second Wave of Secession (April 1861) The upper South Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee Mobilization and Innovation Northern Advantages Southern Preparations Richmond Armory Harpers Ferry Confederate Ordnance Bureau The Naval War Union blockade of the South Confederate innovations blockade runners ironclads torpedoes submarines The War on Land First Battle of Manassas (July 1861) Shiloh and New Orleans The Peninsula Campaign and Second Battle of Manassas The Battle of Antietam (September 1862) The Emancipation Proclamation Preliminary proclamation (September 1862) Final proclamation (January 1863) Union Setbacks Union Victories The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) African American soldiers The rise of Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman The fall of Atlanta and Sherman’s "March to the Sea" The Election of 1864 Democratic nominee George B. McClellan Lincoln’s reelection The End of the Confederacy Siege and fall of Petersburg Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House (April 1865) The Costs of War Casualties Weaponry Military Medicine Union innovations Long-term legacies Women at War Soldiers and spies "Camp followers" and "daughters of the regiment" Nurses The Home Front Agricultural productivity Wartime finance Modernizing America Homestead Act (1862): westward settlement Pacific Railroad Act (1862): transcontinental railroad Morrill Act (1862): land-grant universities Conscription Militia Act (1862) Enrollment Act (1863)