The Crystal Palace (1851) London’s Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations "Yankee Notions": American Practicality The America’s Cup The Colt Pistol Samuel Colt The "peacemaker" The American System of Manufactures Colt Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut Springfield Armory Export of American technology and production methods American Science Empirical Research, Practical Results Electricity Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian Institution Samuel F. B. Morse Alexander Dallas Bache The "Lazzaroni" American Association for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia (1848) Federal Scientific Support Smithsonian Institution U.S. Coast Survey U.S. Naval Observatory U.S. Army Topographical Engineers Amateur Scientists Lieutenant Charles Wilkes’s United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) John C. Frémont’s Overland Expeditions "The Great Reconnaissance" (1848–61) Pacific railroad survey: Pacific Railroad Reports (1855–60) Federal subsidies for science The Fugitive Slave Act and the Sectional Crisis Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Election of 1852 Whig nominee Winfield Scott of Virginia Democratic nominee Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire Pierce’s election and the decline of the Whig Party Young America The Ostend Manifesto (1854) Toward a Transcontinental Railroad The Gadsden Purchase (1854) The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Party Realignments American, or "Know Nothing," Party nativism Order of United Americans and the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner Republican Party midwestern origins antislavery free labor ideology Bloody Kansas Antislavery, or "free state," forces Amos Lawrence’s Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company "free state" capital at Topeka Proslavery, or "slave state," forces Senator David Atchison of Missouri "slave state" capital at Lecompton The caning of Charles Sumner (1856) The Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) John Brown Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas Democratic divisions Election of 1856 Division of the American Party (Know-Nothings) "South American" nominee Millard Fillmore of New York "North American" support for Republican Party Republican nominee John C. Frémont of California Democratic nominee James Buchanan of Pennsylvania Buchanan’s election as a minority president The Dred Scott Decision (1857) Chief Justice Roger B. Taney William Seward’s "slave power conspiracy" The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) The Panic of 1857 John Brown’s Raid (1859) National armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia Execution and martyrdom The Election of 1860 Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina Calhoun Doctrine: federal support for slavery in territories withdrawal of southern Democrats Second Democratic convention in Baltimore, Maryland southern Democrats nomination of John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky Calhoun Doctrine and territorial expansion northern Democrats nomination of Stephen Douglas of Illinois popular sovereignty in territories Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois platform of antislavery, protective tariff, Homestead Act, Pacific railroad, internal improvements Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln of Illinois Constitutional Union convention in Baltimore nominee John Bell of Tennessee appeal to border states of upper South Lincoln’s election with less than 40 percent of the popular vote