• Explain how and why the Restoration (1660) reshaped England’s approach to creating colonies and encouraged the founding of a second wave of colonies, including Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

• Outline the economic system the English developed after the Restoration to control the trade of their North American colonies and to tax them for the benefit of England.

• Describe the origins of the Glorious Revolution and its impact on England’s relationship with its American colonies.

• Discuss how imperial rivalries as well as resistance among Native Americans shaped the development of the two major non-English empires in North America, New France and New Spain.

• Analyze the tension between traditional superstitions and the emergence of modern science, as reflected in the witch trials carried out in Salem, Massa-chusetts.

1660 The Restoration brings Charles II to the throne of England.

Navigation Act of 1660 steps up royal control over trade in American colonies.

1663 Founding of Carolina.

Plantation Duty Act introduces customs agents into colonies.

1664 English conquest of New Netherland and founding of New York and New Jersey.

1674–96 Lords of Trade coordinate control over the colonial economy.

1675 King Philip’s War devastates New England.

1676 Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion against royal government in Virginia.

1680 Popé’s Rebellion in Spanish New Mexico.

1681 William Penn founds Pennsylvania as haven for Quakers in America.

1682 La Salle plants French flag at the mouth of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana.

1685 The Dominion of New England consolidates five New England colonies.

1687 Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

1688 The Glorious Revolution topples King James II and brings William and Mary to the throne.

1689 Parliamentary Declaration of Rights.

1689–97 King William’s War.

1696 England creates Board of Trade to consolidate control over colonial trade.

1699–1733 Wool Act, Hat Act, Iron Act, and Molasses Act heighten taxation and control over colonial trade and production.