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CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Peoples of Ancient America
- Origins of Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere
- Native American creation stories
- Beringia
- Mesoamerican Societies and Cultures
- Tehuacán Valley of Mexico
- invention of agriculture
- sedentary societies/pottery (2300 B.C.)
- Teotihuacán
- Yucatan Peninsula: the Mayans
- Arrival of the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico (thirteenth century)
- North America
- Clovis culture (c. 10,000 B.C.)
- Folsom culture (c. 8000 B.C.)
- Hopewell people (100 B.C.– A.D. 400)
- Eskimos and Aleuts
- Southwestern cultures
- Hohokam people
- Mogollon people (ancestral Zunis)
- Anasazis (ancestral Pueblos)
- Cahokia (Mississippian culture)
- Northeastern cultures
- Algonquians
- Iroquoians
European Discovery and Conquest
- Viking Exploration of North America (c. 986)
- Mediterranean Cultures
- Crusades
- Reconquista
- Portugal
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Sagres
- Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Azores in Atlantic Ocean
- Bartholmeu Dias reaches Cape of Good Hope (1487–88)
- Vasco da Gama reaches India (1497–99)
- Fifteenth-Century Navigation
- Navigation methods and tools
- dead reckoning
- compass
- quadrant
- astrolabe
- cross staff
- Ships
- caravel
- lateen sail
- Maps
- portolan, or sea chart
- world maps
- Claudius Ptolemy’s Geography
- latitude and longitude
- Spain and Christopher Columbus
- Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon
- Unification of Spain (1469)
- Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spain (1492)
- Adelantados
- Columbus’s first voyage to America (1492–93)
- Niña, Pinta
, and Santa Maria
- San Salvador, Cuba, and Hispaniola
- Papal bulls (1493)
- Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
- Columbus’s second voyage (1493–96)
- Columbus’s third voyage (1498–1500)
- Columbus’s fourth voyage (1502–4)
- Death of Columbus (1506)
- England
- John Cabot (1497, 1498)
- Sebastian Cabot (1504, 1508–9)
- Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583)
- France
- Giovanni de Verrazano (1524)
- Jacques Cartier (1534, 1536)
- Spain
- Amerigo Vespucci
- Joan Ponce de León
- Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
- Fernando Magellan
- Conquest of Mexico
- Encomiendas
- Hernando Cortés
- death of Montezuma II
- conquest of Tenochtitlán and creation of Mexico City
- New Spain
- Creation of the Spanish Empire in America
- Conquistadores
- Franciso Pizarro and the Incas (Peru)
- Vásquez de Coronado (New Mexico)
- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (California)
- founding of St. Augustine (Florida)
- Spanish imperial government
- Council of the Indies (1524)
- viceroys
- New Spain (1535)
- New Castile (1544)
The Columbian Exchange
- European technology
- Disease
- Native American depopulation
- European seasoning
- Animals
- Plants
Intellectual Impact of Exploration
- Geography—Gerhardus Mercator’s geographical projection
- Botany
- Birth of "science"
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