- Politics during the Washington presidency
- Outset of the Washington administration
- George Washington as symbol of national unity, virtue
- Key figures
- The Hamiltonians
- Vision for the republic
- Robust economic development
- Close commercial ties to Europe
- Military power
- Strong national government
- Program
- Federal assumption of national and state debts
- Creation of new national debt
- Establishment of Bank of the United States
- Whiskey tax
- Government promotion of industrial manufacture
- Tariffs
- Subsidies
- National army
- Bases of support
- Vision for the republic
- The Jeffersonians
- Vision for the republic
- Westward expansion
- Land for independent farmers
- Free trade
- Critique of Hamilton program
- Threat to liberty from a standing army
- Favoritism toward speculators at expense of small farmers
- Favoritism toward diversified North at expense of agrarian South
- Bases of support
- Vision for the republic
- 1790 compromise between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians
- Divisions over foreign affairs
- Mixed response to French Revolution
- Enthusiasm (Jeffersonians)
- Alarm (Washington, Hamilton)
- Aggravating developments
- War between France and Britain
- Edward Genêt tour of America
- British encroachments on American ships
- Jay Treaty
- Mixed response to French Revolution
- Emergence of political parties
- The Federalist Party
- Agenda and philosophy
- Hamilton's economic program
- Close ties with Britain
- Suppression of popular unrest (Whiskey Rebellion)
- Fixed social hierarchy
- Bases of support
- Agenda and philosophy
- The Republican party
- Agenda and philosophy
- Democratic self-government
- Aversion to social and economic inequality
- Bases of support
- Agenda and philosophy
- Intensity of partisan debate
- The Federalist Party
- Expansion of popular involvement in public debate
- Contributing factors
- Partisan divisions
- British radicalism
- Emigrants to America
- Thomas Paine's Rights of Man
- Manifestations
- Political meetings, pamphlets, newspapers
- Democratic-Republican societies
- Emerging principle of democratic rights
- Implications for partisan politics
- Federalist alarm
- Republican receptiveness
- Contributing factors
- Renewed discussion of women's rights
- Expanding participation in public discussion
- Influential voices
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Judith Sargent Murray
- Outset of the Washington administration
- The Adams years
- Election of 1796
- Washington's retirement and farewell
- Federalist Adams's victory over Republican Jefferson
- Sectional division of the vote
- Adams's troubled presidency
- Embroilment in British-French conflict
- Seizure of American ships by each side
- "XYZ Affair"
- "Quasi-war" with France
- Negotiated peace of 1800
- Crackdown on political dissent
- Background
- Rural unrest
- Dissent against Federalists
- Provisions of Alien and Sedition Acts
- Arrest and conviction of Republican opponents
- Forms of protest
- Republican press
- Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
- Themes of protest
- Free expression as essential to liberty
- Limits of federal power over the states
- Background
- Embroilment in British-French conflict
- Election of 1800
- Republican mobilization; "Jefferson and Liberty"
- Constitutional crisis over election
- Particulars
- Outcome
- Jefferson over Adams
- Twelfth Amendment
- Peaceful transfer of power
- Election of 1796
- The slavery question
- Debate in first Congress over emancipation
- Passage of fugitive slave law
- Impact of Saint-Domingue slave revolt
- Inspiration among slaves
- Alarm among whites
- Gabriel's Rebellion
- Features of the conspiracy
- Artisanal makeup
- Roots in Richmond's black community
- Language of liberty
- Discovery and defeat
- Aftereffects
- Awareness of slaves' aspiration for freedom
- Increased control over black population (slave and free) in South
- Features of the conspiracy
- The Jefferson years
- Goals of new administration
- Conciliatory tone toward opponents
- Reduction in expense, size, and power of national government
- Unrestricted trade
- Freedom of press and religion
- Avoidance of "entangling alliances" with foreign powers
- Establishment of judicial review of federal and state laws
- Chief Justice John Marshall
- Marbury v. Madison
- Fletcher v. Peck
- Louisiana Purchase
- Napoleon's motivations for selling
- Jefferson's motivations for buying
- Unimpeded access to port of New Orleans
- "Extending the sphere" of the republic
- Ensuring the future of American agriculture
- Tension between benefits of purchase and principle of limited government
- Federalist alarm
- Lewis and Clark expedition
- Objects
- Scientific exploration
- Trade relations with western Indians
- Commercial route to Asia
- Outcome
- Abundant information on newly acquired territory
- Achievement of overland travel to Pacific
- Objects
- Incorporation of Louisiana
- Significance of New Orleans area
- Rights of blacks and women under Spanish and French rule
- Declining status of blacks under American rule
- Goals of new administration
- Foreign entanglements
- Barbary coast conflict
- Renewed embroilment in British-French conflict
- Impact of war between Britain and France on America
- Blockade on American shipping by each side
- Impressment of Americans by British navy
- Jefferson's embargo on American exports
- Terms
- Purposes
- Results
- Memories of Intolerable Acts
- Minimal impact on British and French
- Devastation of American port economies
- Scaling back of embargo
- Non-Intercourse Act
- Macon's Bill No. 2
- Impact of war between Britain and France on America
- Recent trends in U.S.-Indian relations
- Varied U.S. policies toward Indians
- Removal
- Assimilation
- Varied responses by Indians
- Endorsement of assimilation
- Call for preservation of autonomy
- Non-confrontational approach
- Militant, pan-Indian approach
- Tenskwatawa at Prophetstown
- Tecumseh in Mississippi Valley
- Battle of Tippecanoe
- Varied U.S. policies toward Indians
- The War of 1812
- Prelude
- Persisting British attacks on American vessels
- Reinstatement of embargo by President Madison
- Emergence of War Hawks
- Leading figures
- Henry Clay
- John C. Calhoun
- Themes
- National honor
- Unimpeded foreign trade
- Expansion of republic
- Leading figures
- Reports of British encouragement of Tecumseh
- Outbreak of war
- Madison's call for war
- National divisions over
- Strong opposition in North
- Strong support in South and West
- Course of war
- Britain's material advantages
- British successes
- Repulsion of U.S. invasions of Canada
- Destruction by blockade of American commerce
- Invasion of Washington, D.C.
- American successes
- Battle of Lake Erie
- Repulsion of British assault on Baltimore
- Battle of the Thames (defeat of Tecumseh)
- Battle of Horseshoe Bend (defeat of hostile Creeks)
- Battle of New Orleans
- Conclusion and aftermath
- Treaty of Ghent
- Celebration of republic's virtue and resilience
- Completion of U.S. conquest of eastern land
- Setbacks to Indian power
- In Old Northwest
- In South
- Acceleration of white westward settlement
- Demise of Federalist Party
- Costs of antiwar stance
- Hartford Convention
- Modest size of commercial and financial base
- Elitism
- Prelude
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