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Gadsden Purchase (1853) Thirty thousand square miles in present-day Arizona
and New Mexico bought by Congress from Mexico primarily for the
Southern Pacific Railroad’s transcontinental route.
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) United States would not exclude Japanese
immigrants if Japan would voluntarily limit the number of immigrants
coming to the United States.
Gettysburg, Battle of Fought in southern Pennsylvania, July 1–3, 1863; the
Confederate defeat and the simultaneous loss at Vicksburg spelled the
end of the South’s chances in the Civil War.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause" (the federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce)
of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against
the State of New York’s granting of steamboat monopolies.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) U.S. Supreme Court decision guaranteed legal counsel for indigent felony defendants.
The Gilded Age Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner’s 1873 novel, the title
of which became the popular name for the period from the end of the
Civil War to the turn of the century.
Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act (1913) Created a Federal Reserve System
of regional banks and a Federal Reserve Board to stabilize the economy
by regulating the supply of currency and controlling credit.
Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933) Established the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to
control speculation. A banking act of the Hoover administration, passed
in 1932 and also known as the Glass-Steagall Act, was designed to expand
credit.
Good Neighbor Policy Proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his
first inaugural address in 1933, it sought improved diplomatic relations
between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.
Grandfather clause Loophole created by southern disfranchising legislatures
of the 1890s for illiterate white males whose grandfathers had been eligible
to vote in 1867.
Granger movement Political movement that grew out of the Patrons of Husbandry,
an educational and social organization for farmers founded in
1867; the Grange had its greatest success in the Midwest of the 1870s,
lobbying for government control of railroad and grain elevator rates and
establishing farmers’ cooperatives.
Great Awakening Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through
the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New
England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist
George Whitefield.
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) Mediated the differences
between the New Jersey and Virginia delegations to the Constitutional
Convention by providing for a bicameral legislature, the upper house of which would have equal representation and the lower house of which
would be apportioned by population.
Great Depression Worst economic depression in American history; it was
spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II.
Great Migration Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after
World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the
labor shortage of the war years.
Great Society Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State
of the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems
of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the
environment.
Greenback party Formed in 1876 in reaction to economic depression, the
party favored issuance of unsecured paper money to help farmers repay
debts; the movement for free coinage of silver took the place of the
greenback movement by the 1880s.
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