CHAPTER OUTLINE

America’s early battles Retreat in the Pacific Collapse along the Pacific Surrender of the Philippines Japanese strategy Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) Midway: a turning point Early setbacks in the Atlantic Devastation from German submarines Strategy of small patrol vessels Mobilization at home Preparedness and mobilization Economic conversion to war War Production Board Role of the Office of Scientific Research and Development Effects of wartime spending Financing the war Roosevelt’s effort to raise taxes Congressional reaction to taxation Sale of bonds Impact of the war on the economy Personal incomes Efforts to control prices Efforts to control wages and farm prices Seizure of industries Domestic conservatism Republican gains Fate of New Deal programs Effects on organized labor Social effects of the war Development of the West Defense contracts Population growth Problems Housing shortages Rural labor shortages “Zoot suit” riots Social effects of the war on women Women in the civilian workforce and the military Changing attitudes toward sex roles Effects of the war on blacks Problems of the segregated armed forces The March on Washington Movement Challenges to other forms of discrimination Militant white counterreaction Hispanics in the labor force Recruitment Bracero program Ethnic tensions Native Americans support war Impact of the war on Japanese Americans General effect of the war on civil liberties Internment The war in Europe War aims and strategy Europe first Alliance with Britain War aims Differences over strategy North Africa Defeat of Germans Casablanca Conference Attack Axis “underbelly” Unconditional surrender Battle of the Atlantic Sicily and Italy Invasion of Sicily Italian surrender German control of northern Italy The battle for Rome Strategic bombing of Europe British and American cooperation Impact of the bombing Decisions of the Teheran Conference The D-Day invasion Development and implementation of Operation “Overlord” German preparations and reaction Invasion of the French Mediterranean coast Slowing momentum of the drive on Germany The war in the Pacific Guadalcanal offensive MacArthur’s sweep up the western Pacific Approval for the MacArthur plan The technique of “leapfrogging” Nimitz’s moves in the Central Pacific The naval battle of Leyte Gulf The end of the war Election of 1944 Republican strategy Democratic vice-presidential candidate Campaign results Converging on Germany German counteroffensive Allied moves Berlin and the Soviets The Yalta Conference Nature of the decisions Call for a United Nations Occupation of Germany Eastern Europe Assessment of results Collapse of the Third Reich FDR’s death V-E Day Discovery of the Holocaust War in the Pacific Iwo Jima and Okinawa Effects of battles The atomic bomb Manhattan Project Decision to use the bomb Use of the bombs Effects of the bombings Negotiations for surrender Assessing the war Death and destruction Impact on American society