CHAPTER OUTLINE

Postwar isolationism Evidence of isolationist sentiment Counteractions of world involvement Relations with the League The war-debt tangle Problems with repayment of debts Linkage of debts to reparations Depression and debt cancellation Efforts toward disarmament A substitute for League membership Strained Japanese-American relations The Washington Armaments Conference Hughes’s initiative Agreements made at the conference Effects of the treaties The movement to outlaw war Development of the Kellogg-Briand Pact Effect of the pact The “Good-Neighbor” Policy Early efforts to improve relations with Latin America Hoover and the Clark Memorandum Further improvements under FDR War clouds Japanese incursion in China Chinese weaknesses Japanese occupation of Manchuria Reactions to occupation League condemnation Japan’s withdrawal from the League Mussolini’s rise to power Hitler’s rise to power American recognition of the Soviet Union Aggression in Asia and Europe Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 1935 Hitler’s occupation of the Rhineland, 1936 Spanish Civil War, 1936 Japanese invasion of China, 1937 Hitler’s Anschluss with Austria, 1938 The Munich Agreement, 1938 War begun over Poland, 1939 American efforts for neutrality The Nye Committee investigations Congressional effort to avoid another world war The first Neutrality Act, 1935 Sale of arms to belligerents forbidden Travel on belligerents’ ships discouraged Reaction to the invasion of Ethiopia The second Neutrality Act: loans to belligerents forbidden Extension of the Neutrality Act to cover civil wars Further neutrality provisions Reactions to Japanese action in China Lack of use of neutrality laws Quarantine speech Reactions to war in Europe Change to cash-and-carry arms sales Extension of war zone The storm in Europe Hitler’s Blitzkrieg America’s involvement Aid to Britain Arms sales Destroyer-bases deal Effects in United States FDR revitalized Conscription Public debate Committee to Defend America America First Committee The election of 1940 The choice of Willkie The choice of FDR Nature of the campaign Results of the election The arsenal of democracy The Lend-Lease program Further Axis gains Reaction to the invasion of the Soviet Union The Atlantic Charter Conflict with the Germans in the Atlantic The storm in the Pacific Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia Tripartite Pact Negotiations between Japan and the United States Warlords gain control in Japan Attack on Pearl Harbor Extent of U.S. foreknowledge Errors in warning Damage from the attack Other Japanese aggression in the Pacific Declaration of war