CHAPTER OUTLINE

Urbanization Location of urban growth Pacific coast Midwest The South Types of growth Vertical Steam heat Elevator Steel frame Skyscraper Horizontal Mass transit Suburbs Assets and liabilities of cities Urban attractions Escape from rural life Urban problems Unregulated growth Public health Mortality rate Urban politics Political machines City services New immigration Reasons for immigration Fleeing problems Jobs in America New immigrants From southern and eastern Europe Jews and Catholics Ellis Island Origin Scale of operation Experience in America Exploitation Communities Vocational Ethnic Kinship The nativist response Types of prejudice Immigration restriction Early attempts Chinese exclusion Popular culture Distinctive urban culture Middle-class and white Affluent leisure Cosmopolitan Wild West shows Vaudeville Outdoor recreation Parks Tennis Bicycling Working-class recreation Saloons Working-class popularity Hub of social life Food and drink Camaraderie Services Male immigrants Critics of saloons Women’s leisure Married women Limited time Public spaces Employed and single women Types of jobs Urban amusements Spectator sports Urban locale Football Basketball Baseball Growth of education Public education Americanizing immigrants Increased enrollment Higher education Growth of colleges Elective system More opportunities for women Graduate education National pastime Negro leagues Realist thought Rise of realism Different from idealism Contributing factors Civil War Modern science Darwinism and Social Darwinism On the Origin of Species Application to human society Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner Reform Darwinism Lester Frank Ward Role of government Pragmatism Ideas of William James Instrumentalism of John Dewey Literature Local colorists Sarah Orne Jewett George Washington Cable Mark Twain Literary Naturalism Frank Norris Stephen Crane Jack London Theodore Dreiser Social criticism Henry George and the single tax Henry Demarest Lloyd Veblen and conspicuous consumption The social gospel The church and the working class Neglect of inner city New organizations YMCA Salvation Army Washington Gladden Early efforts at urban reform Settlement house movement Jane Addams Activities Women’s rights Gains in employment Suffrage movement Conflicts in movement Gains in the states Women’s organizations Development of welfare policies Regulation of business and labor Urban machines