CHAPTER OUTLINE

The rise of big business Causes of business growth Labor shortage Technological innovation Increased productivity Standardization Entrepreneurs Government policies Agricultural production Second industrial revolution Interconnected national networks Transportation Communications Electric power Scientific research Railroads First big business Transcontinental railroad Pacific Railway Act Union Pacific Central Pacific Chinese labor Promontory, Utah Financing railroads Private companies Government aid Crédit-Mobilier scandal Robber barons Manufacturing and inventions Patents Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Entrepreneurs John D. Rockefeller Background Cleveland oil business Standard Oil Vertical integration Trust Holding company Philanthropist Andrew Carnegie Background Iron and bridges Innovations in steel “The Gospel of Wealth” J. Pierpont Morgan Background Investment banker Railroads U.S. Steel Corporation Sears and Roebuck Retailing Sears, Roebuck and Company Sears catalog Labor conditions and organizations Circumstances for workers Wages and hours Child labor Outside the home Dangerous Lack of legal limitations Effects Living and working conditions Control by impersonal forces Obstacles to unions Molly Maguires Railroad strike of 1877 Causes Scope and violence Effects Impact on California Efforts at union building National Labor Union Knights of Labor Early development Emphasis on the union Role of Terrence Powderly Victories of the Knights Anarchism Haymarket Affair Lasting influence of the Knights of Labor Development of the American Federation of Labor Development of craft unions Role of Samuel Gompers Growth of the union Violence in the 1890s Homestead Strike, 1892 Pullman Strike, 1894 Causes Role of the government Impact on Eugene V. Debs Mother Jones Background Labor agitator Opposition to child labor Socialism and American labor Daniel DeLeon and Eugene Debs Social Democratic party Early work Height of influence Rise of the IWW Sources of strength Revolutionary goals Causes of decline Effects of industrial revolution