CHAPTER OUTLINE

The Enlightenment’s impact on nineteenth-century America Sense of mission for the nation Three rational religious concepts Deism Optimistic religious outlook Concept of God’s role Impact on Protestantism Unitarianism Basic concepts Breadth of its impact Universalism Groups to which it appealed Basic tenets The Second Great Awakening Frontier phase Advent of the camp meeting Audience to which the movement appealed The Baptists Emphasis and appeals of the Baptists Nature of Baptist organization The Methodists More centralized organization Role of the circuit riders Nature of the camp meetings The “Burned-Over District” Role of Charles G. Finney Finney’s message Nature of Oberlin College The Mormons The origins of the sect Nature of organization and beliefs Brigham Young and the move to Utah Fate of the State of Deseret Romanticism in America The emphasis of the romantic movement Transcendentalism Origins of the movement and nature of beliefs Development of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s interest in Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Thoreau’s interests and ideas Thoreau’s life at Walden Pond Basis and message of his essay “Civil Disobedience” The impact of the movement The flowering of American literature Emily Dickinson’s work and role Nathaniel Hawthorne’s contributions Edgar Allan Poe evaluated Herman Melville His background The significance of Moby-Dick The controversial role of Walt Whitman The popular press Technological advances Cheap newspapers, magazines, and books Contributions of the New York Herald and Tribune Education Level of literacy Growth of the public schools Need for a literate electorate Horace Mann’s contributions Education in the South Teaching as a career Private academies Higher education A surge of colleges and state universities Conflicts over funding and curricula Education for women Level of schools Divergence from men’s education Reform movements Roots of reform Varieties of reform Temperance Rate of alcohol consumption Arguments for temperance Organizations for temperance Debates over goals and methods Prison reform Optimism breeds new approaches to punishment Changing views of prisons Nature of the Auburn Penitentiary Treatment of the insane Early treatment of the insane Role of Dorothea Dix Women’s rights Catharine Beecher and the “cult of domesticity” Status of women in the antebellum period Significance of the Seneca Falls Convention Successes of the women’s movement Jobs for educated women Utopian communities Bases for their popularity Concepts of the Shakers The Oneida Community Background of John Humphrey Noyes Concept of complex marriage Activities and contributions of the community Causes for decline and transformation New Harmony Background of Robert Owen Principles for his cooperative Causes of decline Brook Farm Significant supporters Reasons for success Dissolution Evaluation of the utopian communities Reformers’ concern about slavery