CHAPTER OUTLINE

The campaigns of 1776 Comparison of the two armies Howe’s force in New York Washington’s minor victories in New Jersey Effects of the war on society Size and nature of the Loyalist population Internal conflicts between groups of colonists Nature of the militias and the Continental Army Methods of financing the war Ways of surviving the winter of 1776–77 Impact of the war on different social groups Sacrifices required Opportunities for profit Social equality versus inequality Expansion of the war in 1777 The British plan of attack Howe in Philadelphia Washington at Valley Forge American victory at Saratoga Southern campaign France enters the war Importance of Saratoga victory Details of the treaty with France Spain joins France on the American side The stalemate of 1778 Winter at Valley Forge Changes in British policy Peace Commission to the Americans Evacuation of Philadelphia as Clinton replaces Howe The war in the West Victories of George Rogers Clark Destruction of the Iroquois Daniel Boone in Kentucky The war turns south British move south Fighting in the Carolinas British take Charleston Gates defeated at Camden Forces of Cornwallis and Greene fight Benedict Arnold’s treachery The victory of Yorktown, October 1781 The road to a peace settlement Negotiators Complications in the negotiations Terms of the Peace of Paris, September 3, 1783 The political revolution Republican ideology Debate over form of government Balanced polity and civic virtue State constitutions Experimentation Separation of powers Bills of rights Adoption of the Articles of Confederation The extent of the social revolution Differing expectations of the Revolution Extension of equality to lower groups Expanded suffrage Disposal of land tracts Impact on slavery Importation of slaves ended in all states but Georgia Role of blacks in the war Antislavery sentiment Impact on women Limitations on women in the eighteenth century Role of women in the war Limited legal gains made for women Impact on religion Separation of the Anglican church from the state governments Growth of national church organizations Sense of nationalism inspired by the Revolution Independence Day Growth of education, a more lasting effect Development of state universities Impetus for state-supported lower schools The new mission of America