CHAPTER OUTLINE

Indian cultures before Columbus Varieties in the Americas North American Indian life Characteristics Smaller tribes Migratory Communal lands Village life in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys Response to European invasion Weaknesses Resistance Ability to adapt First European contacts with the New World Rise of “modern” Europe Growth in learning Development of towns, trade, and corporations Rise of nation states Protestant Reformation Appeal of Asia Voyages of Columbus Background Expedition of 1492 Later voyages Amerigo Vespucci Biological exchanges Animals Plants Devices Diseases Exploration and conquest of the New World English, Portuguese, and others John Cabot Brazil Spanish dominance Creation of the Spanish empire Spanish avantages Technological Cultural Conquistadors Hernan Cortés Francisco Pizarro Encomienda system Structure Affluent Europeans Subject natives Role of Catholic missionaries Spanish heritage Spanish names Catholicism “Spanish borderlands” Ponce de León Protection Spanish Southwest Impact of the church New Mexico Juan de Oñate Indian revolt Royal province Spain’s rivals in North America The French Explorers Verrazano Cartier Champlain Joliet and Marquette Canada New Orleans The Dutch privateers British defeat of the Spanish Armada