CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

After you finish reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Understand the important intellectual trends in the period 1877–1890. Describe city growth in the late nineteenth century. Account for the new immigration and the reaction that it engendered. Discuss the developments in urban popular culture in the late nineteenth century. Trace major developments in higher education after the Civil War. Compare the concepts of Social Darwinism and Reform Darwinism. Discuss the local-color, realist, and naturalist movements in literature. Explain the social gospel and describe its manifestations.