CHAPTER OUTLINE

Urbanization In westward movement Vertical growth Elevators Use of iron and steel Horizontal growth Mass transit Suburban segregation City life Exciting attraction Tenements Urban politics Political machines Services Graft Immigration Sources of immigration Rural America Abroad Reasons for immigration to the United States Pull factors Push factors 1880s change in immigration Reception of immigrants Castle Garden Ellis Island Immigrant life Jobs Ethnic neighborhoods Tenement housing Nativist responses Objections to new immigrants American Protective Association Efforts at immigration restriction Popular culture Distinctive urban culture Middle-class and white Affluent leisure Wild West shows Vaudeville Outdoor recreation Parks Tennis Bicycling Ethnic and working-class recreation Saloons Widespread popularity Hub of social life Food and drink Camaraderie Services Male immigrants Critics of saloons Women’s leisure Married women Limited time after home work Public spaces for entertainment Employed women Types of jobs Urban amusements Spectator sports Urban location Football Basketball Baseball Education and professions Growth of public schooling Vocational education Manual training in high schools Morrill Act and land-grant colleges Higher education Increase in college population Growth of elective system More opportunities for women Graduate education German model Johns Hopkins University Theories of society Darwinism and its impact Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner Lester Frank Ward and Reform Darwinism Effects of Darwinism in academia Scientific history Emergence of sociology Changes in economics Pragmatism William James John Dewey and instrumentalism Literature Local colorists Sarah Orne Jewett George Washington Cable Joel Chandler Harris Mark Twain William Dean Howells Henry James Literary Naturalism Frank Norris Stephen Crane Jack London Theodore Dreiser Social Criticism Henry George and the single tax Henry Demarest Lloyd and cooperation Thorstein Veblen and conspicuous consumption The religious response: social gospel Abandonment of inner-city churches Development of the institutional church YMCA and the Salvation Army Institutional churches Washington Gladden Walter Rauschenbusch Catholic responses to modernity Syllabus of Errors Rerum Novarum Early efforts at urban reform The settlement house movement Nature of settlement houses Social control Women’s jobs and rights Growth of the female labor force Women’s suffrage Conflicts in the movement Gains in the states Other women’s efforts Efforts to regulate business State regulatory commissions Development of substantive due process Supreme Court acceptance of the view In cases against regulatory units In cases against labor The status of laissez-faire at the end of the century