CHAPTER OUTLINE

The coming of war Before war Outcome uncertain Lincoln’s inaugural Fort Sumter Resupply of fort South’s response Opening guns of war—4:30 a.m., April 12, 1861 Anderson’s surrender Lincoln’s initial steps of war Call for 75,000 militiamen Blockade of southern ports Further splits in Union Upper South secedes West Virginia formed Delaware remains in Union Border state divided Habeas corpus suspended to hold Maryland Federal forces in Kentucky Warfare in Missouri Brothers vs. brothers Robert E. Lee Southerners with Union Ethnic groups The two sides Economic strengths Population Industry Agriculture Transportation Military advantages Geography Leadership Seapower Early stages of war: 1861–1862 Strategies First Battle of Bull Run Indecisive result Results in new strategies Union’s “Anaconda” plan Confederacy’s hope for stalemate and foreign intervention Naval action Ironclad ships Union seizures along southern coast Raising armies Northern efforts One million men Community and ethnic groups Confederacy efforts Volunteers Conscription Union conscription Opposition to conscription Against states’ rights Rioting in the North The war in the West Effects on the region Settlement continued Gold and silver mining New states in Union Fighting on Kansas-Missouri border Indian involvement Grant moves on Forts Henry and Donelson Shiloh Costliest American battle yet Halleck replaces Grant McClellan’s peninsular campaign Indirect attack on Richmond Confederate diversion Lee assumes command Lee attacks McClellan Halleck named general-in-chief Second Bull Run Antietam Confederate assault Bloodiest day of war Confederate defeat Fredericksburg The end of 1862 Deadlock Advantage to Union Blacks and women in war Emancipation Obstacles to emancipation Military liberation of slaves Intermediate moves Reasons for emancipation Emancipation Proclamation Effects Blacks in military All-black units National recruitment Combat Abolition of slavery State action Constitutional amendment Women and the war Service as nurses Dorothea Dix Clara Barton Sally Tompkins New responsibilities Businesses and farms Lack of preparation Effects of war Government during the war Congressional power South to North shift Major legislation Wartime finances The Union Higher taxes Tariff Excise taxes Paper money Bonds Confederacy Ineffective taxation Paper money Confederate diplomacy Desire for foreign help Embargo on cotton Emissaries to Europe Trent affair Wartime politics Union politics Pressure of the Radicals Democratic support Suspension of habeas corpus 14,000 arrests Vallandigham case Campaign of 1864 Democratic position Radicals Results Confederate politics Electoral system Dissent Unionists States’ rights Tide turns against Confederacy Battle of Chancellorsville Largest Union army yet Death of Jackson Lee defeats Hooker Peak of Lee’s career Lee’s last major win Grant’s Vicksburg victory Gettysburg Lee’s invasion Pickett’s charge Confederate defeat Cemetery established Third major Union victory of 1863: Chattanooga Defeat of Confederacy Union on the offensive Grant pursues Lee in Virginia Sherman moves across South Appomattox Surrender Lee surrenders to Grant (April 9, 1865) Johnston surrenders to Sherman